Electoral College System Essay

The President and the Vice President of the United States are elected indirectly by an institution known as the Electoral College. The U. S. Constitution provides the broad framework through which electors are appointed and by which they cast votes for the President and Vice President. In evaluating the contingent election process, some commentators have suggested that any threshold inquiry requires assessing how often contingent election occurs. If the results of a general election are frequently inconclusive, they increase the likelihood of contingent election. The democratic criteria require implementing reforms that bring the people into the contingency process. Critics of the Electoral College system argue that the presence of viable and well-funded third-party or independent presidential candidates, who may be able to garner electoral votes by carrying a plurality of the votes in statewide elections, increases the likelihood of contingent election. Analysis of criticism of the Electoral College system There are several shortcomings of the Electoral College as cited by the proponents of the presidential election reform. These shortcomings have raised justifications for reform or abolition of the current system. One of the criticism is on the Electoral College is the Electoral College deadlock of the contingent election. In this one, the 12th amendment provide that the House of Representatives should choose a president and the senate chooses the vice president by contingent election if the presidential and the vice presidential candidates votes have not reached a simple majority of the Electoral College votes. The election of the president by the House of Representatives happened only once on the February 9th, 1825 where John Quincy Adams was elected as President over Andrew Jackson. This election was criticized by some commentators saying that it brought about a constitutional crisis since the president was selected as part of a political corrupt bargain because some of the presidential candidates were disqualified from the contingent election. Critics claim that this election removes the choice of president and vice president voters (Whitaker & Neale, 2004). Another criticism is on the minority president which was expressed in the Electoral College misfire. In this one, the current electoral college system can result in the election of a minority president which states that the president can be one who wins the majority of the electoral votes even though he has lost the popular votes. This was experienced in the 1800s where three minority presidents namely, John Quincy Adams in 1824, Rutherford B. Hayes in 1876, and Benjamin Harrison in1888. The other criticisms are on the current methods of allocating electoral votes, the decennial census problem, and the faithless elector, presidential succession between nomination and inauguration, independent and the third party versus major party candidates. These criticisms have caused so many controversies that have made many people believe that the current Electoral College system is not a good system and therefore it needs amendment (Whitaker & Neale, 2004). Advantages of various reform proposals. The electoral college reform proposals include (1)the district plan, awarding each state two at large electoral votes to the state-wide popular vote winners, and one electoral vote to the winning candidate in each congressional district; (2) the proportional plan, awarding electoral votes in states in direct proportion to the popular vote gained in the state by each candidate; and (3) the automatic plan, awarding each state’s electoral votes directly on a winner-take- all basis to the statewide vote winners (Amar, 1995). The advantages to the electoral-vote system include its tendency to produce a clear winner. The constitution is however subject to change, allowing for the second vote in case of depressed voter turnout. Great leverage is also given to third party candidates by requiring the winner to have a majority and by this it calls for fair and just elections. A National Election Agency is incorporated in the system to run the vote. However, the government also comes in to help, where the National Election Agency has fewer powers under the government (Amar, 1995). Despite the fact that the president alone is elected by the people, doesn’t mean he can legitimately defy the law. It is good to know that the elections are fair in that a presidential candidate who stands in his campaign and wins with a substantial majority of votes from the American people does of course gain the mandate. The candidate who emerges with the most electoral votes has a fully legitimate claim to the office for the next four years (Amar, 1995). Disadvantages of various reform proposals. In the U. S there is a rule that, a candidate chosen on the Election Day may not be the president. Therefore if it happens that a candidate has failed to win the national popular vote, he might be sworn in as the president by the virtue of claiming more electoral votes on than his opponents. Therefore the main disadvantage of such kind of proposal, is that if the sitting president who lost in the popular vote is returned again to power after his rejection, then there will be a wide condemnation on the Electoral college as a wacky anachronism which will lead to extensive demands for the amendments of the constitution in order for the replacement of the electoral vote with popular election (Longley, 2008). Due to this kind of proposals, there is a possibility of not telling the exact winner since the constitution is the main source of authenticity. The main disadvantage here is that there might be a possibility of both candidates having different fundamental campaigns which give different issues of emphasis and making frequent appearances in different states. Another disadvantage for this proposal is the argument on which candidate to take office and who was chosen by an archaic and wholly irrational system. If the electoral system is replaced, by the popular vote election, since it is not irrational there is a possibility of embarrassment on the president opting to be chosen by this process (Dellinger, 2004). Another greatest disadvantage of the present system of voting in U. S is that there is a possibility that the candidate who receives the most votes from the nation (people) may not take office. Therefore the present president in office may face many challenges and offsetting values since he or she was not put in by the majority. The disadvantage of the constitutional system for choosing a president in the U. S is not perfect and needs to be changed and therefore the candidate who emerges with most electoral votes has full justified claim to the office for four years (Dellinger, 2004). Conclusion It is clear that once the candidate chosen by the people of the United States on the Election Day may not become president. The candidate must choose the constitutional rules currently in place. In the voting parties, the party that receives more total votes nationally wins the parliament while the one with fewer total votes chooses the Nation’s prime minister. The constitution however, is subject to change (Longley & Dana, 1992). Amending the Constitution to alter it would present a series of difficult questions: Will we give great leverage to third party candidates by requiring the winner to have a majority? Will we have a runoff, which might lead to depressed turnout for the second vote? Will we create a National Election Agency to run the vote and or leave it with the 51 governments who now run it? If those states report raw votes, will they somehow artificially increase the number of voters in the state or pad the totals—a temptation now avoided by having a set number of electoral votes for each state? These are not insurmountable objections to constitutional change, but they should certainly give pause (Longley & Dana, 1992). References Amar, A. R. (1995). Presidents, Vice Presidents, and Death: Closing the Constitution’s Succession Gap Dellinger, W. (2004). Popularity contest in defense of the Electoral College, Washington Post.Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC. Retrieved October 26th, 2008, from http://www. slate. com/id/2108991/ Longley R. (2008). The Electoral College System, who really elects the president of the united states, About . com Longley, L. D. & Dana, J. D. , Jr. (1992). The Biases of the Electoral College in the 1990s Whitaker, L. P. & Neale, T. H. (2004, November 5). The Electoral College: An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved October 26th, 2008, from http://italy. usembassy. gov/pdf/other/RL30804. pdf.

Report on NatWest Bank’s Creativity and Innovation Essay

NatWest Bank is a member of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group (RBS Group). In 1968 National Provincial Bank (est.1833) and Westminster Bank (est.1836), fused as National Westminster Bank. Jointly, these banks could outline their history back down the centuries through a ancestry of influential constituents, since the 1650’s. The declaration totally astonished the public, but to both banks the benefits were obvious – the merger enhanced balance sheet strength, created opportunities to streamline the branch networks and enabled greater investment in new technology. The statutory process of integration was completed in 1969 and National Westminster Bank commenced trading on 1 January 1970, with the three-arrowheads symbol as its Logo of the company with 3,600 branches, established a wide range of new services, including the bank’s first credit card, Access, in 1972, and computer-linked cash dispensers, Servicetills, in 1976. Deregulation in the 1980s, culminating in ‘Big Bang’ in 1986, also encouraged National Westminster Bank to enter the securities business. County Bank, the Group’s merchant bank, acquired stockbroking and jobbing firms to create NatWest Investment Bank. In the mean time, the International Banking Division appeared to offer international banking services to large companies and to focus on expansion in the USA, the Far East and Europe. In the 1980s new services were developed such as telephone banking and touch- screen share dealing to assist the government’s privatisation programme. The 1980’s also saw the National Westminster Home Loans established in 1980 and the Small Business Unit in 1982. The Switch debit card extended the electronic transfer of money to point of sale in 1988. In the 1990s financial services markets world-wide underwent huge variations and in response the bank refocused its activities, exiting from a number of markets and adopting the title of NatWest. In March 2000, The Royal Bank of Scotland Group completed the acquisition of NatWest in a  £21 billion deal that was the large st take-over in British banking history. NatWest ranks fifth in the world and is now part of a financial services group which is the second largest bank by market capitalisation in the UK and in Europe. (NatWest 2006) Read more: Essay About National Westminster Bank Creativity and Innovation of the Bank: With granting a muscular competitive encourage to innovation, creativity and efficiency, it always attains lead on rival firms. Innovation is a driver of productivity growth. Novel products, processes and methods of working can relent efficiency gains and quality improvements not only within the innovating firm, but also within other firms that recap or institute on the innovation within their own firms. There are a number of reasons why the rate of innovation is likely to fall below socially optimal levels, and smaller innovating firms may face particularly severe barriers to innovation. The key constraints are: †¢ Limited access to risk capital: The informational impediments to free- functioning markets for SME finance were discussed earlier in this chapter, but it is particularly difficult for potential lenders or investors to assess likely risk and returns accruing to future research or to the implementation of unproven innovations. Newly-established innovating firms often m ake a loss and face severe cash-flow constraints in their early years. †¢Difficulties appropriating the full benefits of innovation: Whilst a competitive environment will provide the best general incentive for firms to innovate, firms need to be confident that they can reap the rewards of their innovation. This is why the intellectual property regime allows firms to prevent, for a limited period, their competitors from copying their innovations. This is a necessary reward for the costs of R&D, and helps to encourage innovation. Nevertheless, the internal return to innovation may still be modest relative to the industry-wide benefits that arise once the innovation can be replicated by other firms. †¢ Inability to diversify risk: While larger companies may have a large portfolio of innovative activity, innovation in smaller firms may be concentrated on a single product or process, and the cost of undertaking the necessary R&D may be very large relative to the overall financial assets of the company. Accordingly, where SMEs are risk-averse, they will be discouraged from investing in innovative activities with uncertain returns. Assembling the enterprise confront will rely on the innovation and creativity of entrepreneurs themselves, but the Government must also provide the right cond itions and the necessary support for successful enterprise. (Cosh and Hughes 2000) The NatWest Group has a total of 6 UK banking licences and licences from several other authorities. There are two principal costs linked with getting to the position where a bank is in a position to obtain and maintain its banking licence: 1) Implementing a reporting system that satisfies the requirements of the regulators. In addition to standard financial reports these would include implementing the systems to monitor and report capital adequacy, liquidity, credit risk, and interest rate risk etc. 2) Ensuring that there is the necessary infrastructure in place to satisfy individual regulatory requirements on operational areas such as money laundering, advertising and sales of financial products. There are also noteworthy sunk costs in coping with the provision of creativity infrastructure. To replace the existing branch and service centre network and administrative buildings is a major project in its own right and in addition to the costs of such physical assets, which are on the balance sheet it would be necessary to handle the stipulation of such facilities. Costs would also be involved in the provision of such items as HR policies, for example the sunk costs associated with setting up employee benefit programmes, such as pension plans, stock options, bonus schemes, car schemes, health care etc. The same tactic has been adopted and this turns up at an total expenditure of  £ [255] m. This is probably a conservative estimate. Over the period 1996 to 2000 NatWest incurred expenses of around  £ [13] bn in respect of its Retail Transformation programme, which was only a modification of part of its existing infrastructure rather than creation of a totally innovative one. (RBSG, 2002) NatWest depends entirely upon the qualities of innovation, and suffer more acutely from the rapidity of transform. Whether in presentation, writing, the visual arts or advertising, the progress of new ‘product’ is at the heart of all doings. Without this self- generated action, there is not anything to put up for sale. The sector therefore has a specific and challenging manufacturing process or value chain which, at each stage, demands different talents. At the raw development end of production (ideas generation, creating, training) there is a need for concepts, leading edge ideas and formulations, creativity, innovation and initiative customer orientation. Problem solving is paramount. At the moment of production (turning ideas into products, locations for production) – this first set of aptitudes is still important but must be supplemented by: _ï€  Intelligence, understanding of the market, industry foresight and strategic view; _ï€  Effective management o f resources; _ï€  Ability to develop and manage relationships with partners, explore new connections and collaborations with suppliers. The merger of the Royal Bank of Scotland (BoS) and Halifax to form HBOS resulted from increasing competitive pressures in the financial sector. Since about 1980, with the decline of heavy industries and growth of a service economy, like other clearing banks, BoS was obliged to expand further into small business lending and new retail products (e.g. residential mortgages, financial services, credit cards, etc.). Competition was exaggerated by banking deregulation, which led to the growth of a secondary banking sector, the transformation of many building societies (including Halifax) into banks, and new amalgamations into ever-larger banks (as cited in Leyshon and Thrift 1993). During this period there was increasing concern in the Scottish banking community about the potential for takeovers to erode a distinctive Scottish banking sector (as cited in Saville 1996: 717-40), which had been partly maintained by an historical ‘gentleman’s agreement’ between the English and Scottish banks to limit their presences in each other’s markets. In September 1999, BoS surprised The City of London by making a  £20.85 billion bid to take over NatWest Bank, in effect striking first in an environment where further bank mergers seemed inevitable. Many in the financial press were quick to point out that under these new terms, BoS and other Scottish banks could not expect to have the ir future ‘independence’ protected. In late November the Royal Bank of Scotland, BoS’s main competitor in Scotland, made a successful counter bid of  £25.1 billion. The City now anticipated a takeover of BoS, compelling BoS to keep pace with the Royal Bank. BoS and Halifax began merger negotiations in April 2001, and the new banking group, HBOS, began trading on the stock market on 10 September, 2001. The Halifax was the dominant partner in the merger, being about twice the size of BoS in terms of number of employees and market value at the time of merger, and supplying key organizational leadership, including the CEO. The core rationale of the merger was that it brought together Halifax’s substantial mortgage lending income and BoS’s expertise and placement in the corporate banking world to create new business opportunities for the merged organisation. It also saw the dislocation of BoS’s rather conventional, cautious and habitual banking ethos by the more modern, competitive and market driven ethos of the Halifax organisation. Thus the merger was experienced by staff as an encounter between two different corporate cultures, and two different national cultures, at the same time. By ‘the ideology of change’ it specifies an ideological condition that corresponds closely with Therborn’s conception of modernity. With this phrase I want to dire ct attention not so much to a set of ideas and beliefs about change, but more to a disposition, or attitude toward change. I mean to suggest a normatively charged attitude in which established ways of doing things are devalued and innovation and change is positively valued in principle, regardless of the particulars of any given situation. It is, in a sense, a ‘presumption of guilt’ in regard to the old, and ‘presumption of innocence’ in regard to the new. This attitude is deeply naturalised, so that the imperative and positive value of change is widely regarded as self-evident, and not easily questioned. Thus rather than the great social critiques and political programmes associated with the formation of modernity, I mean to invoke a routinized and normalized aspect of established modernity—seen in the way political parties and governments promote themselves through promises of reform, in the way corporations and public institutions are constantly restructuring in order to ‘modernize’ and keep pace with their competitors, and in the way consumer-citizens in capitalist society come to expect scientific and technological advances that will increase knowledge and improve commodities and services, while fashions in popular culture rapidly replaces one another. The ideology of change is mundane, relentless common sense. Some problems of ‘innovation and creativity’ lay with the organization and its leadershi p, rather than personnel, the exhortation to embrace change was ultimately being translated into a message of personal moral reform. In this way the ideology of change, while meeting resistance, percolated down to beleaguered selves seeking some greater purchase on their state of affiars. (Hearn 2006) HRM Strategic Milestones in NatWest: During 1990–91 County NatWest, an investment bank, asked all its business units, including its personnel department, to set up strategic milestones for a five-year period. Their performance was to be measured against those milestones at specified target dates. The requirement to produce strategic milestones as an input to the bank’s five-year marked an important watershed in defining the contribution of personnel to the business at a strategic level. It forced the department to reflect on the nature of that contribution. Senior management of the bank duly authorised 18 separate strategic milestones. The milestones were consistent one with the other, and overall addressed issues that consultation within business units and across the three personnel teams had shown to be critical to business success. Each milestone was assigned to a designated individual and was incorporated into his or her own targets of performance. Quarterly reviews on progress, involving the whole department, were subsequently held to ensure that the milestones were on target. The operational tasks that a centralised T&D planning process involves seek to ensure that: T&D considerations are taken fully into account when business strategy is formulated. They form part of a human resource plan within the wider business plan. At business unit/divisional level there are policies to ensure people are trained and developed in line with the needs of the business. At the individual level T&D is an integrated part of daily routine and procedures, helping people to achieve performance standards and behavioral objectives and building up the kind of workforce needed in terms of productivity, quality and flexibility. T&D staff operates a collaborative approach to planning at every stage in order to ensure a high level of buy-in from line management and other stakeholders. (Harrison 2001) Conclusion: NatWest Bank had recently a remarkable triumph over the competitors on November 15 2006 in the 12th Annual Convention- CCA Excellence Awards categorized for â€Å"Best Customer Focus: Financial Services† (details available on http://www.ccai.org.uk/events). The Bank is the second giant bank in the entire Europe (after Deutsche Bank) and incredibly progressed in a very short span of time (as discussed in the historical background). NatWest’s creativity and innovation â€Å"line of attack† led the bank to the stature of success. Chinua Achebe (1930 – ), Nigerian novelist, poet, and essayist rightly says: â€Å"Contradictions if well understood and managed can spark off the fires of invention. Orthodoxy whether of the right or of the left is the graveyard of creativity†. (Anthills of the Savannah) References NatWest; A History, (2006), NatWest Bank, available on accessed April 29 2007. Cosh and Hughes, (2000), Tackling Market Failures, British Bankers Association. Jonathan Hearn, (2006), National Identity, Organisational Culture, and the Ideology of Change in Scotland, BSA Annual Conference, Scottish Study Group. Rosemary Harrison, (2005), Producing and Implementing L&D Strategy, CIPD Publications. Appendix A: NatWest Glossary AER – Annual Equivalent Rate. This shows what the interest rate would be if interest were paid and added to your account each year. APR – Annual Percentage Rate. The interest payable on what you’ve borrowed is added up along with other charges (e.g. arrangement fees) and then expressed as an annual rate of charge. The APR helps you compare the true cost of borrowing, for example for a mortgage. The APR takes into account all fees and charges applied to the mortgage as well as the monthly payments over the life of the loan. arrangement fee â₠¬â€œ a fee to cover administration. arrears – money that was due to be paid but has not been paid. When you are behind in payments, you are in arrears. assets – your money, property, goods and so on that have a financial value. assurance – a policy that you pay for, and that pays money to your next of kin when you die. banker’s draft – a cheque drawn on the bank (or building society) itself against either a cash deposit or money taken directly from your own bank account. A banker’s draft is a secure way of receiving money from someone you don’t know and where a cash is inconvenient. Banker’s drafts are commonly used for large purchases such as homes and cars. base rate – the interest rate from which lenders set their rates for lending and savings products. It’s usually based on the base rate set by the Bank of England. capital – money that you’ve invested or borrowed (e.g. to buy a home). It doesn’t include the income or profit you get from an investment, or the interest you have to pay on a loan o r mortgage. CHAPS – Clearing House Automated Payment System. This is a system that enables money to be transferred from one bank account to another on the same day. chip and PIN – a system to reduce card fraud. A chip and PIN card has a ‘smart’ chip that holds your four-digit Personal Identification Number (PIN). When you pay in a shop with a chip and PIN card, you’ll be asked to enter your PIN into a keypad instead of signing a receipt. This PIN is the same number that you use to withdraw money at a cash machine. cleared balance/cleared funds – includes credits (cheques and cash) that have completed the clearing cycle. You can only withdraw or transfer money to another account with money from your cleared balance. The cleared balance is updated during the day as you make payments into and out of your account. clearing cycle – the process that your cheque goes through when you pay it into your account. A cheque won’t be cleared if, for example, the person who gave it to you doesn’t have en ough money in their account. credit card – allows you to borrow money to pay for goods and services without using cash or cheques. credit balance – the amount of money in your account. credit limit – the maximum amount of money that you may borrow. debit card – allows you to pay for goods and services without writing cheques or using cash. The money is taken directly from your current account (you don’t borrow the money as with a credit card). Some debit cards can also be used to guarantee cheques. debt – an amount of money that you owe to a person or company. Direct Debit – an instruction from you to your bank or building society allowing someone to take money from your account. The amount of money taken can vary, but you must be told the amounts and dates beforehand. Direct Debits allow you to pay bills automatically from your account on a regular basis. discounted rate – a variable rate that is set at a fixed percentage amount below the lender’s standard variable rate for a period of time. At the end of the period, the mortgage goes back to the lender’s variable rate. EAR – Effective Annual Rate. This is the amount of interest charged on an overdraft and is stated as an annual rate. Unlike the APR, the figure does not include any fees or charges. Equity (in property) – the difference between how much your property is worth the balance of your outstanding mortgage and any other debts secured on the property. Equity release – a way of releasing extra money by borrowing against the equity in your home. ERTF – Exchange Rate Transaction Fee. This is a fee that you pay when withdrawing foreign currency from a cash machine or when paying for something in another currency (e.g. when you’re on holiday abroad). The foreign currency is converted into pounds sterling (using the bank’s exchange rate) and a fee for doing this is added. fixed-rate interest – an interest rate that stays the same throughout an agreed period. flexible mortgage – a mortgage that allows you to make overpayments and underpayments on the mortgage without penalty, and, in some cases, to take payment holidays. gross – the whole amount before any deductions (such as tax or fees) are made. gross interest rate – interest before income tax is deducted. Insurance policy – a policy that you pay for, and that pays money to you to cover possibilities such as theft, damage to property, loss and so on. interest – the amount that you pay when you borrow money. It’s expressed as a percentage rate over a period of time. interest-free – no interest is charged on money that you borrow. interest-only mortgages – a loan on which you only pay the interest element. The amount of capital you owe remains the same throughout the term of the mortgage and is due to be repaid at the end of the term. interest rate – the rate at which you pay back interest, expressed as a percentage of the amount you borrow. investment – something you put money into that will provide income in the future (such as savings) or gain in value so that you can sell it at a higher price later (such as a house). loan – money that you borrow (e.g. to buy a new car) on condition that you pay it back. lifetime mortgage – a type of equity release product for the over 60s, which allows you to release money by borrowing against the value of your home. There are no monthly repayments, instead the interest is added to the loan and the whole amount is repaid when you die or move into long-term care, usually from the sale of the house. This means more interest will build up than with a conventional mortgage. mortgage – a loan to help you buy property on condition that the company giving you the loan has certain rights, including the right to sell the property if you don’t pay back the loan. net – the amount after deductions (such as tax or fees) are made. net interest rate – the rate payable after the lower rate of income tax is deducted. (NB the rate of tax may vary, so a net rate is usually only given as an example.) nominal annual rate – the rate of interest that would apply if the interest were not added each year and if there were no inflation. overdraft – borrowings from your current account. overpayment – higher or extra mortgage payments that you make (usually to pay off your loan or mortgage early). p.a. – ‘per annum’, which means ‘each year’. payment holiday – a period of one or more months when you don’t make repayments on your loan or mortgage, although interest continues to accrue during that time. PIN – Personal Identification Number. This is the four-digit number that you enter into a cash machine when you want to take out cash, and that you use when you pay with your chip and PIN card. Never give this number to anyone, or write it down. rate – the percentage interest rate charged by a lender. remortgage – replacing a mortgage with a new one (from your existing or a different lender), without moving home. You use the money you borrow for the new mortgage to repay the old one. repayment method – the means by which a mortgage is repaid. The two main repayment methods are ‘interest only’ and ‘repayment’. repayment mortgage – a loan where you pay back some of the capital as well as interest each month. The amount you owe is gradually reduced. return – the profit you get, for example, when you invest money. share – a unit of ownership in a company. share certificate – shows the amount of ownership. share dealing – the process of buying and selling shares. standing order – a method of making regular payments directly from your bank account. It’s a fixed sum and you tell your bank when to start and stop paying it. stock – another term for share. transaction – each time you pay money into or take money out of your account, it’s called a transaction. unarranged borrowing – an overdraft that is higher than your bank or building society has agreed to. uncleared balance – the amount of money in your account including all the uncleared items in your account and any items paid in during the day. underpayment – a loan or mortgage payment that is less than the amount that you should normally pay for that month. variable-rate interest – the interest rate that you pay on your loan or mortgage and that rises and falls roughly in line with a stated index, such as the base rate set by the Bank of England. (NatWest , 2006, available on http://www.natwest.co.uk/glossary.htm/>)

Favorite Food Essay

â€Å"so exactly where are we going again?† I asked my dad while pulling out of our driveway. â€Å"Just wait I know you’ll love this restaurant,† he announced. He was taking me to Espinoza’s, an authentic Mexican restaurant. There was a large window right beside the door when you pull in, with a big, orange, neon sign with the words ESPINOZA’S written in capital letters. My dad opened the door and I led him in. Right when we walked, there was a young girl, about five feet and 3 inches tall, who asked us in an accent if it was just the two of us today. Behind her about eight meters away, was a bar like counter that was higher than normal, for when the chef prepared your meal, he could place it there to be brought to the table. We sat down at our table right beside the big window with the neon sign, a table for four. Two glasses of water were brought to us, by Maria, our waitress, who all the while made suggestions on their selection of other drinks. There was a glass fridge, like the ones at gas stations, directly behind where dad was sitting, and it contained all kinds of carbonated drinks. All the sodas were in glass bottles with classic looking labels, that had Pepsi, Coke, and some other ones with Spanish words on them. Right beside the fridge were two slushy machines. One slushy machine had a red drink called Aqua De Jamaica, and the other one a creamy white one, Horchata. Tamarind and infusions of hibiscus flowers are what give Jamaica its red color. My dad ordered Horchata, which is made from a combination of long grain rice, milk, and sugar. We both sipped on our ice cold drinks, while placing our orders to Maria. As we waited for our food to arrive, I headed towards a jukebox on the opposite side of where we were seated. I flipped through all the tracks of songs and in the end just chose one based on the the picture on the cover of the album. Just as I was heading back to my seat, I saw Maria with a circular tray the size of a tire filled with food. I scurried over to beat her to our table because I wanted to see why dad was so enthusiastic about bringing me to Espinoza’s. What happened next, I will never forget. The smell the awoke every last bit of my senses. An oval plate was placed in front of me, as if I were some royal being. Laid out in perfect layers were nacho chips that looked like a bloomed rose’s petals. On top of the petal-like chips were marinated chicken strips, grilled so you could see the marks on them, showing all of the effort that was put into its cooking. The chicken was seasoned with a blend of zesty Mexican spices. Hints of lemon, paprika, crushed peppers, and onion powder gave tastes of sourness to sweetness with every bite. Sauteed onions, sweet bell peppers, and tomatoes are what completed the next layer. Melted white cheese smothered the beans that were evenly distributed upon every nacho chip that existed on my dish. I took the first bite. Related by more than just the blood in our veins, my father and I are best friends. He has always known me more than I’ve known myself. He brought me to Espinoza’s because we both share a love for Mexican dishes. The flavors of the spices remind us of the connection and joy we have in our friendship. He even called me last night to remind me about the soccer game that would be on in ten minutes between Barcelona and Real Madrid. They tied one to one.

New Jersey Institute of Technology Essay

In this 21st century world, the intellectual society plays an important role for communicating and sharing the information. The power of society helps us to collect data which acts as a bridge to our success and advancement in this world. The generosity of teachers, classmates and friends gave me an insight of NJIT. My passion to pursue my dreams forced me to apply for the NJIT. Ever since my childhood years, my interest in computer systems and business both had put me in a dilemma. With the help of my research, I came forward to NJIT which offers degree in computing and business. My passion would be illuminated with the admission in NJIT. The art learning environment at NJIT is a perfect place which can give me the most comprehensive learning experience possible. The diversified climate will help me communicate and indulge in activities of different culture and ethnicity and travel around the globe with ease and knowledge of different countries. Coming from a middle class family it is very essential for the transportation to be less expensive and comfortable. It is another key point which brought me here to apply for the NJIT. The teachings of the brilliant professors of the NJIT and the advanced technology will provide me a great learning experience and expand my intelligence and ideas about this 21st century world. Admission to the NJIT will be one step further towards the path of my dream. The future is controlled by the step taken by an individual in the present. The information provided to me by the teachers, friends, internet and adding me to the list of the students of NJIT will enrich my experience that will help me to grow into well rounded and a successful person.

Generative Grammar

FOUNDATIONS IN GENERATIVE GRAMMARAny native speaker of a language can be said to know the grammar of his/her own language, they know how to form and interpret any expression. However, this grammatical knowledge is subconscious. Native speaker have grammatical competence in their native language. This means that they have tacit knowledge of the grammar of their own lang. We have to make a difference between competence (the fluent native speaker's tacit knowledge of his lang) and performance (what people actually say and understand, the use of the language). Criteria of adequacyBasically, the criteria of adequacy are 2: descriptive adequacy (universality) and explanatory adequacy. 1. A grammar is descriptively adequate if it correctly describes whether a sequence of words is or isn't grammatical and also correctly describes what interpretation(s) this sequence has. 1. 1. The goal of a descriptive linguist is to devise particular grammars of particular languages, while that of a theoret ical linguist is to devise a theory of grammar. This is a set of hypotheses about the nature of possible and impossible grammars of natural languages and about the inherent properties that natural langs do and don't possess.An adequate theory of grammar must satisfy the criterion of adequacy known as universality. This means that a theory of grammar must enable us to devise a descriptively adequate grammar for every natural lang. The main goal of Generative Grammar is to build a theory of Universal Grammar. 2. This theory of UG will not only list the universal properties of natural lang grammars, but also explain the relevant properties –i. e. why grammar have the properties they do. This requirement is referred to as explanatory adequacy. Language FacultyAccording to Chomsky, the most plausible explanation for uniformity and rapidity lies in that the course of acquisition is determined by a biologically endowed innate language faculty within the brain, which provides childre n with a genetically transmitted set of procedures for developing a grammar on the basis of their linguistic experience (the speech input they receive). The hypothesis that the course of lang acquisition is determined by an innate language faculty is known as the innateness hypothesis. The major tenets of this hypothesis are: 1. The innate language faculty is unique to humans. . All humans possess this ability of lang acquisition. 3. The uniformity character suggests that children have a genetic guidance in the task of building a grammar of their native lang. 4. Despite performance errors in the input, children acquire a competence grammar, which again points to the fact that the acquisition ability must be genetically determined. 5. Although no special care is taken to teach them, children acquire languages successfully, which again supports the genetic character of lang acquisition. Principles We have claimed that children have a genetically endowed language faculty.If so, what ar e the defining properties of the language faculty? The lang faculty must include a set of principles of Universal Grammar, in the sense that the lang faculty must be such as to allow the child to develop a grammar of any natural lang on the basis of a sufficient speech input. If these principles are universal their application in one language should reveal evidence of their application in other langs. The underlying rule to construct a particular structure in one language will be part of a general principle of UG. (1) a. Mary will tell me the truth. b. Will Mary tell me the truth? Move the second word in a sentence in front of the first word) (2) a. The girl in the corner will tell me the truth. b. *Girl the in the corner†¦.? | | |STRUCTURE DEPENDENCE PRINCIPLE | |All grammatical operations are structure-dependent. | To explain grammaticality and ungrammaticality we should rely on general principles such as the Structure Dependence Principle, although in each language this prin ciple will be turned into something more concrete:Move an auxiliary in front of a preceding noun expression which functions as its subject. This rule makes use of structural information which is subconsciously available to all humans, although people don't know what an auxiliary is. Also this rule accounts for the contrast in (3): (3) a. Mary told me the truth. b. *Told Mary the truth? as we have applied inversion to a non-auxiliary. A theory of grammar which posits that the internal structure of words, phrases and clauses in natural lang is determined by innate UG principles minimizes the burden of grammatical learning imposed on the child.This is quite important given the learnability criterion of adequacy for any theory of grammar. The UG theory accounts for the rapidity of the child's grammatical development by positing that there is a universal set of innately endowed grammatical principles which determine the nature of grammatical structure and the range of grammatical operati ons found in natural lang. Since these UG principles don't have to be learned, the UG theory minimizes the learning load placed on the child and as a consequence maximizes the learnability of natural language grammars. ParametersAlthough the lang faculty involves a set of UG principles, all aspects of the grammatical structure of language are not determined by innate gramm. principles. Otherwise all languages would have the same structure and there would not be any structural learning in lang acquisition. So although there are universal principles which control the overall structure of a lang, there are also language-particular aspects of grammatical struct which children have to learn as part of acquiring their native lang. Acquisition involves structural learning, which is limited to a set of parameters.Parameters are those aspects of grammatical structure which are subject to lang-particular variation. Examples of parameters: 1. Null subject parameter: languages which permit omis sion of the subject of a finite verb and langs that do not. (4) a. Maria come pasta. b. Come pasta. (5) a. Mary eats pasta. b. *Eats pasta. 2. Wh-parameter: languages which permit fronting of the wh-phrase or not. (6) a What do you think he will say? b. ?Que piensas que el dira? c. Ni xiangxin ta hui shuo shenme you think he will say whatEnglish and Spanish Wh-phrases move to the beginning of the interrogative clause, but Chinese Wh-phrase remains in situ. 3. Head position parameter: the relative positioning of heads with respect to their complements. Head-first languages and Head-last langs. (7) a. Close the door b. Moonul dadala. door close (8) a. desire for change. b. byunhwa-eadaehan kalmang change-for desire 4. Discourse/Agreement Prominence: Miyagawa (2005) claims that languages can be classified according to whether they are focus or agreement prominent.On the basis of his classification, there are languages which overtly instantiate the notion of topic (Korean or Japanese), there are also languages which put a special emphasis on agreement marking (English), but additionally there are languages which show both (Spanish). >>> Jimenez (2008, 2009) 9) a. Taroo-ga hon-o katta. Taro-NOM book-ACC bought ‘Taro bought a book’. b. Hon-o Taroo-ga katta. Book-ACC Taro-NOM bought ‘A book, Taro bought’. 10) a. Mary likes syntax. b. *Syntax Mary likes. (11) a.Susana corto los tulipanes. (S-V-O) Susana cutpast3sg the tulips ‘Susana cut the tulips. ’ b. Los tulipanes(,) los corto Susana. (O-cl-V-S) The tulips, CL3pl,masc cut Susana ‘The tulips, Susana cut’. Parameter-setting Parameters involve binary choices, so structural variation between langs is constrained. The only structural learning that children have to face is the task of setting the appropriate value for each of the relevant structural parameters >>>>> Metaphor of the switch in the up or down position.

Students With Disabilities In UAE Health And Social Care Essay

This survey aims to find the behavior jobs among pupils with disablements in United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) and the relationship between these jobs and a figure of variables with respect to gender, age, type and badness of disablement from which the nothing hypotheses for the survey have emerged. The survey sample consisted of 297 pupils enrolled in the rehabilitation centres affiliated to the Ministry of Social Affairs. For this intent, research workers designed a questionnaire which was developed on the footing of the content cogency and its dependability was verified through the dependability coefficient which reaches 0.91. After analyzing the void hypotheses of the survey, findings indicate that there are important differences at 0.05 degree in the behaviour jobs harmonizing to the variables of gender, age, type and badness of disablement. It has been found out that male pupils above eight old ages old, pupils with rational disablement and those with terrible disablements are most to exhibit behavior jobs. Findingss have besides shown the types of behaviour jobs from which that pupils with disablements suffered harmonizing to the survey variables. On this footing, the survey has provided a figure of recommendations, the most of import of which are: provide behaviour accommodation plans addressed to pupils with rational disablements ; supply societal rehabilitation and communicating plans for pupils with terrible disablements.IntroductionA behaviour job is defined as a socially inappropriate or harmful behaviour to self or to others. Its standards include the prevailing behavior in the society in which the kid lives. Thus a given behaviour may be considered a behaviour job in one community, while it is non so in another. Furthermore, the form and the frequence of the behaviour are considered among the standards that define the behavioural job, in add-on to the grade of rightness between the behaviour and the state of affairs and its relationship to the ability of the pupil to larn. Kirk et Al ( 2003 ) define the behaviour job as divergence from the behavior that is appropriate up to the age which interferes with person ‘s growing, his development and the lives of others. Ibrahem et. Al. ( 1993 ) believe that kids in the Arab World suffer from many behavior jobs as a consequence of societal alterations that in their communities and the deficiency of specialised rehabilitation services. In position of the increased behaviour jobs of pupils with disablements and the function of these jobs in forestalling their psychological and societal version, and impeding benefits of educational and curative services provided for them, this survey aims to place the most frequent behaviour jobs that pupils with disablements who enrolled in centres affiliated to the Ministry of Social Affairs ( United Arab Emirates, UAE ) in relationship of gender, age, type and badness of their disablements. The significance of this survey stems from the fact that pupils with disablements are most vulnerable to behavior jobs ensuing from their failure to accommodate demands of their surrounding community and the deficiency of mental or centripetal perceptual experience of the stimulation around them. These jobs affect those single ‘s ability to get the necessary accomplishments and their adaptability to social and school environments. In position of the importance of this topic and the rareness of surveies that deal with it in the Arab universe, particularly in the UAE, this survey will be a new add-on. Therefore, it seeks to accomplish the undermentioned aims: To place the behaviour jobs exhibited by pupils with disablements. To stipulate the function of the undermentioned variables in the happening of behaviour jobs in pupils with disablements who join rehabilitation centres in the state ( gender, age, type and badness of disablement ) .Hypothesiss of the Study are:There are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behaviour jobs which are attributed to the gender of the handicapped. There are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behaviour jobs which are attributed to the age of the handicapped. There are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behaviour jobs which are attributed to the type of disablement. There are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behaviour jobs which are attributed to the badness of disablement.Reappraisal of LiteratureAs for the prevalence of behavior jobs among kids, Tuma ‘s survey ( 1989 ) has indicated that 11 % of kids are enduring from behavioural and mental upsets. This per centum increases greatly if we add to it those pupils with larning jobs. Harmonizing to Sabah ‘s survey ( 1993 ) , kids with disablements have different types of unwanted behaviour forms. This is emphasized by Al-Khateeb ( 2003 ) , who states that pupils with rational disablement form the highest per centum of those who suffered from behaviour jobs, due to their inability to find facets of socially acceptable behaviour ; the deficiency of their lingual abilities which makes them fall back to aggression to show their emotions ; their exposure to legion failure and defeat experiences as a consequence of the environing societal tendencies ; and the nature of their disable ment which frequently makes them unable to find socially acceptable facets of behavior. Al-Rosan ( 2001 ) highlights a figure of common behavioural features that make pupils with rational disablement, physical disablement and ocular damage more apt to behavior jobs than others. The most of import of these features for pupils with rational disablements are the deficiency of the ability to larn, hapless attending and concentration, defeat, feeling of failure, memory loss and the obvious lack in larning transportation. He indicated that pupils with rational disablement besides suffer from the jobs of version in their societal and professional development, an disposition to be isolated from others. As for the physically disabled, their personal qualities are varied harmonizing to the badness of disablement. The feelings of anxiousness, fright, rejection, aggressiveness, invagination and lower status might be among the distinguished features of their behaviours. In add-on to that, these jobs are influenced by others ‘ attitudes and reactions towards their ability to mo bilise. The visually impaired normally suffer from feelings of failure and defeat which consequences in lower academic accomplishment when compared with their equals. However, Salha ‘s ( 2007 ) survey on pupils with visually damages has indicated that they suffer from behavioural and emotional jobs, including chiefly: fright, anxiousness, uncertainty, dependence and aggressiveness. Harmonizing to the survey variables, these jobs appeared among females at higher rates than males and less with the highly handicapped and younger pupils. Other surveies stressed that physical aggressive behaviour is rare among unsighted kids, while verbal aggression prevails among them, particularly with males ( Khudair & A ; Beblawi, 2004 ) . Samreen ( 2003 ) who studied behavior jobs with deaf adult females found that they were more sensitive and embarrassed, which leads to shyness, maintaining off from others, or holding scores against them. Some of them acquire introverted, vindictive and covetous of others, and show marks of crossness and rebelliousness. In another survey conducted by Jaffal ( 1994 ) revealed that pupils with hearing damages showed that backdown and externally directed behaviours are the most outstanding behaviours of pupils with hearing damages. This consequence was similar to Abdullah ‘s survey ( 1983 ) which is indicated that pupils with hearing damages were characterized by aggressiveness, invagination, emotional instability and low societal adulthood. Szakowski & A ; Brubaker ( 2000 ) carried out a survey on parents of pupils with hearing damages aged 3-8 old ages. Consequences indicated that deaf kids harmonizing to their parents suffer from behaviour jobs, chiefly noncompliance to ordinan ces and instructions, though such jobs were non related to inadequate parenting. A recent survey conducted by Totsika et al. , ( 2008 ) to look into behavior jobs with pupils with rational disablement suggested that their behaviour appears at an early phase and continues for life. By following behavior jobs in pupils over 11 old ages, the survey indicated that the most common jobs were terrible physical aggression, self-harm and perennial typicality, while the jobs that appeared during survey old ages were non correlated. Mackenzie-Davis and Mansell ( 2007 ) carried a survey on pupils with rational disablements enduring from behavior jobs in order to find the frequence of those jobs during the past 20 old ages. The survey found out that awaited behaviour jobs identified during the old 20 old ages were still observed. Karen et. Al. ( 2007 ) survey aimed at acknowledging the developmental behaviours of psychological upsets of pupils with, and without, rational disablement. The child behavior list was used for two samples of pupils aged 6-18 old ages. Findingss indicated that pupils with rational disablements showed a higher degree of behavior jobs in assorted ages in comparing with the non-intellectual handicapped. It appeared besides that there were important differences between the two samples in aggressive behaviour and attending jobs. It showed besides that societal jobs among intellectually handicapped males were decreased over clip, and the aggressive behaviour was more frequent among younger pupils than among those who reached 18 year-old. In another survey, Karen et Al. ( 2008 ) investigated the range of continuity of behaviour jobs in pupils with mild rational disablement in contrast with moderate rational disablement, which lasted for 5 old ages. This survey showed that most behavior jobs of pupils with moderate rational disablement had higher degree of steadiness and continuity in contrast to those with mild rational disablement. Hogue et Al. ( 2007 ) conducted a survey on pupils with rational disablements in residential establishments with different degrees of supervising. It was found that pupils enrolled in higher supervising system were extremely rated in physical aggression than those enrolled in lower supervising system, whereas no differences were observed in externally directed behavior jobs such as verbal aggression, noncompliance and hyperactivity. In add-on, pupils enrolled in higher supervising system had significantly higher degrees of autonomous behaviour jobs as anxiousness, depression and self-appreciation. Ross & A ; Cornish ( 2002 ) survey sought to find the rate and stereotyping of behaviours, self-harm and aggressiveness in kids and striplings with Cri du Chat Syndrome. Findingss suggested that 82 % of the instances showed stereotyping behaviours and half of the instances showed it daily. Out of 15 signifiers of self-harm behaviours, it was found that hitting the caput, biting and pigeonholing were most common, while aggressive behaviour was reached at 88 % , with a negative correlativity between age and aggressiveness.MethodologyParticipantsParticipants in the present survey comprise all pupils with disablements enrolled in the five chief rehabilitation centres affiliated to the Ministry of Social Affairs in the United Arab Emirates. These centres are supplying their services for pupils with mild, moderate and terrible disablements, enduring from rational, hearing, physical and ocular disablements. The entire figure of pupils in these centres is 506 male childs and misss aged 5-20 old ages old. All pupils whose parents agreed to take part in the survey were included and considered to be the sample of the survey. Therefore, the survey sample was 297 male childs and misss which represent ( 58 % ) of the entire population. Table No. 1 shows the distribution of participants harmonizing to the survey variables.Table No. 1Distribution of the Sample of the Study Harmonizing to Gender, Age, Type and Severity of DisabilityPercentageNumberGender53.2 %158Male46.8 %139FemalePercentageNumberAge28.3 %84Less than 8 old ages43.4 %1298- 12 old ages28.3 %8413 old ages and morePercentageNumberType of Disability68 %202Intellectual18.9 %56Hearing3.7 %11Ocular9.4 %28PhysicalPercentageNumberBadness of disablement21.2 %63Mild29 %86Moderate49.8 %148Severe100 %297EntireInstrumentThe research workers developed a questionnaire of all behaviour jobs that may be exhibited by pupils with disablements to be filled by the societal workers and psychologists for each pupil based on his/her por tfolio and audiences with parents. The societal workers and psychologists were asked to place the frequence of any behaviour job undergone by each pupil which needs an intercession through a behavior alteration plan, or educational and psychological Sessionss for either the pupil or his/her household. Validity and dependability of the instrument were insured through content cogency where 10 module members from Particular Education Department and Psychology Department at the UAE University were consulted to do certain of the rightness of the linguistic communication of the instrument every bit good as its inclusiveness of all possible behavioural jobs. Their responses were analyzed and so some points were amended in conformity with their positions in instance seven of them reached consensus on a specific point. As for the instrument dependability, internal consistence was employed to find its dependability, which was 0.91.ProceduresAfter guaranting the cogency and dependability of th e survey instrument, the research workers took the necessary processs in order to administrate it to the survey sample. In the same context, the undermentioned processs were taken: Written consents from all parties involved in the survey were guaranteed: decision makers of the rehabilitation centres, societal workers, psychologists and parents. Social workers and psychologists were trained to make full in the survey instrument by citing to each pupil portfolio which includes all necessary intercession plans and services. In add-on, parents of each kid were interviewed to verify the portfolio information every bit good as sing their positions in respect to each behavioral job. The informations were classified, coded and entered into computing machines, so treated statistically by utilizing the plan of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) which was performed by acquiring the per centums of the frequences of responses of the survey sample, and Chi Square Test.Consequences and DiscussionThe First Null HypothesisThere are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behavior jobs among pupils which are attributed to gender. Chi-Squared Test was used to analyze this hypothesis. Consequences in table 2 indicates that there are important differences inTable No. 2Chi Square Test of Behavioral Problems Differences Harmonizing to GenderSign. df Person Chi-square Residual Expected Value Observed Value Behavior jobs 0.000* 14 64.644 Female Male Female Male Female Male 19.4 19.4- 35.6 40.4 55 21 No jobs 2.6- 2.6 20.6 23.4 18 26 Anxiety 6.6- 6.6 12.6 14.4 6 21 Aggression 2.7- 2.7 3.7 4.3 1 7 Emotional droop 1.1 1.1- 0.9 1.1 2 0 Impudence 8.4- 8.4 16.4 18.6 8 27 Stubbornness 0.8- 0.8 2.8 3.2 2 4 Liing 1.4- 1.4 9.4 10.6 8 12 Phobia 2.6 2.6- 8.4 9.6 11 7 Isolation 8.4 8.4- 12.6 14.4 21 6 Shyness 5.7- 5.7 11.7 13.3 6 19 Hyperactivity 0.5- 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 1 Steeling 1.4- 1.4 1.4 1.6 1 3 Bedwetting 0.4- 0.4 1.4 1.6 1 2 Nail-biting 0.9- 0.9 0.9 1.1 0 2 Sucking fingers 139 158 Entire * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) behaviour jobs exhibited by pupils with disablements in relation to their gender. It has been found that behaviour job is more common among males than females, and that the difference between the ascertained and expected values was 19.4 among females with no behaviour jobs, which is a important value. This consequence is in struggle with Salha ‘s survey ( 2007 ) carried out on pupils with ocular disablements which indicated that behavior jobs among females are higher than males. To verify the consequence of this survey, Odds Ratio were calculated and exceeds above one ( 1.936 ) which means that there are differences among pupils with disablements in relation to behavioral jobs. In add-on, Risk Ratio were besides calculated exceeds besides one ( 1.365 ) which means male pupils exhibits more behavioural jobs comparing to female pupils. The above tabular array shows that the most common behaviour jobs among males are: stubbornness, aggression and hyperactivity where the differences between the ascertained value and expected one amounted to 8.4, 6.6, 5.7 severally, which are important different. This consequence is in understanding with Al-Zarad ‘s survey ( 2001 ) , which indicated that the per centum of prevalence of attending shortage and hyperactivity sums to about 10 % of the sample of the survey, and that the per centum of male pupils enduring from this job is ternary than female pupils. This survey besides found out that the most common behaviour job among females is shyness, with a difference of 8.4 between the ascertained and expected value. This consequence is in understanding with Samreen ( 2003 ) which indicated that deaf adult females are more sensitive and embarrassed with their disablements which leads to shyness and withdrawal. This consequence may be due to the fact that females in oriental soci eties tend to be diffident and they are non provided with the same chances given to males.The Second Null HypothesisThere are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behavior jobs among pupils which are attributed to their age. Chi-Squared Test was used to analyze this hypothesis. Consequences in table 3 indicates that there are important differences betweenTable No. 3Chi Square Test of Behavioral Problems Differences Harmonizing to AgeBehavior jobs Observed Value Expected Value Residual Person Chi-square df Sign Less than 8 8-12 13 & A ; over Less than 8 8-12 13 & A ; over Less than 8 8-12 13 & A ; over 211.74 28 0.000* No jobs 42 22 12 21.5 33 21.5 20.5 11- 9.5- Anxiety 0 8 36 12.4 19.1 12.4 12.4- 19.1 12.4 Aggression 2 22 3 6.7 11.7 7.7 5.6- 10.3 4.6- Emotional droop 0 1 7 2.3 3.5 2.3 2.3- 2.5- 4.7 Electric resistance 0 0 2 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.6- 0.9- 1.4 Stubbornness 3 25 7 9.9 15.2 9.9 6.9- 9.8 2.9- Liing 0 0 6 1.7 2.6 1.7 1.7- 2.6- 4.3 Phobia 13 6 1 5.7 8.7 5.7 7.3 2.7- 4.7- Isolation 0 16 2 5.1 7.8 5.1 5.1- 8.2 3.1- Shyness 15 9 3 7.6 11.7 7.6 7.4 2.7- 4.6- Hyperactive 5 16 4 7.1 10.9 7.1 2.1- 5.1 3.1- Steeling 0 0 1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3- 0.4- 0.7 Bedwetting 2 1 0 0.8 1.3 0.8 1.2 0.3- 0.8- Nail-biting 0 3 0 0.8 1.3 0.8 0.8- 1.7 0.8- Sucking Fingers 2 0 0 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.4 0.9- 0.6- Entire 84 129 84 * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) behaviour jobs harmonizing to the age of the sample of the survey, in favour of pupils aged 8 old ages and supra. This is in contrast to those pupils aged below 8 old ages among whom behaviour jobs are non important since the difference between the ascertained and expected value among them was 20.5. This consequence is in struggle with Karen ‘s et. Al. ( 2007 ) , which concluded that behavior jobs among intellectually handicapped males lessening over clip. The ground for such struggle may be due to restricting Karen ‘s et. Al survey to lone pupils with rational disablement. The above tabular array besides indicates that anxiousness is the most common job among those pupils aged 13 old ages old and above, the difference between the ascertained and expected value is 12.4. This may be due to that pupil reached the adolescence phase and the related alterations that may find their hereafter individuality. It besides indicates that the most common behaviour jobs among pupils aged 8-12 old ages old are anxiousness, followed by aggression, stubbornness so isolation, with fluctuations of 19.1, 10.3, 9.8, 8.2 severally between observed and expected values. Furthermore, the survey find that the most common behaviour jobs among pupils who are less than 8 old ages old are shyness and phobia, with a difference of 7.4, 7.3 severally between observed and expected values. This may be due to the insufficient development of societal communicating accomplishments at this phase and non-adaptation to disablement.The Third Null HypothesisThere are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behavior jobs among pupils which are attributed to the type of disablement. Person Chi-Squared Test was used to analyze this hypothesis. Consequences in table 4 indicate that there are important differences between behaviour jobs ensuing from the type of disablement.Table No. 4Person Chi-Square Correlation between Behavioral Problems and the Type of DisabilityValue df Sign. Person Chi- Square 72.446 42 0.002* * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) In order to do certain the favour of these differences between disablements are, and how far behavior jobs are common in each type of disablement, Chi-Squared Test was used and consequences are illustrated in tabular arraies 5, 6, 7 & A ; 8.Table No. 5Chi-Square Test for Students with Intellectual Disability Behavior ProblemsSign. df Chi-square Residual Expected Value Observed Value Percentage Behavior jobs 0.000* 13 158.257 29.6 14.4 44 21.8 % No jobs 18.6 14.4 33 16.3 % Anxiety 8.6 14.4 23 11.4 % Aggression 6.4- 14.4 8 4.0 % Emotional droop 12.4- 14.4 2 1.0 % Impudence 13.6 14.4 28 13.9 % Stubbornness 9.4- 14.4 5 2.5 % Liing 2.4- 14.4 12 5.9 % Phobia 4.4- 14.4 10 5.0 % Isolation 0.6 14.4 15 7.4 % Shyness 2.6 14.4 17 8.4 % Hyperactive 13.4- 14.4 1 0.5 % Steeling 12.4- 14.4 2 1.0 % Bedwetting 12.4- 14.4 2 1.0 % Nail-biting 202 100 % Entire * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) The above tabular array ( No.5 ) shows that there are important differences in the extent of prevalence of behaviour jobs, harmonizing to the type of the job. The survey found that the bulk of intellectually handicapped pupils face behavior jobs at a per centum of 78.2 % . It besides shows that merely 21.8 of them have no behaviour jobs, and that anxiousness is most common among pupils with rational disablement at a per centum of 16.3 % , followed by stubbornness at a per centum of 13.9 % , so aggression at per centum of 11.4 % , which are all at a important degree. This consequence is in understanding with the survey of Totsika et Al. ( 2008 ) , which suggested that aggression is the most common job in this group. However, it is in struggle with the survey of Ross & A ; Cornish ( 2002 ) in that aggressive behaviour reached a per centum of 88 % , due to restricting itself to Cri du Chat Syndrome. The ground for the high rate of behavior jobs among pupils with rational disablement may be due to unrest, non-adaptation to disablement, worrying about confronting society and its demands that imposed on them, disposition to self-assertion through stubborn behaviour, and deficiency of verbal ability to show their demands, which force them to fall back to aggression.Table No. 6Chi-Square Test for Students with Hearing Impaired Behavior ProblemsSign. df Chi-square Residual Expected Value Observed Value Percentage Behavior jobs 0.000* 8 43.00 13.8 6.2 20 35.7 % No Problems 0.2- 6.2 6 10.7 % Anxiety 3.2- 6.2 3 5.4 % Aggression 1.2- 6.2 5 8.9 % Stubbornness 5.2- 6.2 1 1.8 % Phobia 2.2- 6.2 4 7.1 % Isolation 1.8 6.2 8 14.3 % Shyness 1.8 6.2 8 14.3 % Hyperactive 5.2- 6.2 1 1.8 % Nail-biting 56 100 % Entire * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) The above tabular array ( No. 6 ) shows that there are important differences in the extent of prevalence of behavior jobs among pupils with hearing damages. 64.3 % of those pupils who were subjected to the survey were enduring from behavior jobs, the most common of which were hyperactivity ( 14.3 % ) , shyness ( 14.3 % ) and anxiousness ( 10.7 % ) . This may be attributed to the inability of pupils with hearing damages to pass on with others who do non demo any mark of understanding and credence. This consequence is in understanding with Jaffal ‘s survey ( 1994 ) , which suggested that backdown and externally directed behaviour are the most celebrated behaviour jobs for pupils with hearing damages, and besides with Al-Sabah survey ( 1993 ) , which indicated that those pupils are introverted.Table No. 7Chi-Square Test for Students with Ocular Damages Behavior ProblemsSign. df Chi-square Residual Expected Value Observed Value Percentage Behavior jobs 0.589 5 3.727 0.2 1.8 2 18.2 % No Problems 0.2 1.8 2 18.2 % Anxiety 0.8- 1.8 1 9.1 % Aggression 0.8 1.8 1 9.1 % Stubbornness 2.2 1.8 4 36.4 % Phobia 0.8- 1.8 1 9.1 % Shyness 11 100 % Entire * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) The above tabular array ( No. 7 ) shows that there are no important differences in behavior jobs among pupils with ocular damages. The per centums for those who do non endure from behavior jobs are 18.2 % . This may be due to the restriction of the figure of the pupils with ocular damages included in the sample of this survey since their figure is originally limited in the centres under survey. However, this consequence is in understanding with Salha ‘s survey ( 2007 ) , which indicated that there are behavioural and emotional jobs among pupils with ocular damages, chiefly phobic disorder and anxiousness.Table No. 8Chi-Square Test for Students with Physical Disabilities Behavior ProblemsSign. df Chi-square Residual Expected Value Observed Value Percentage Behavior jobs 0.010* 8 20.214 6.9 3.1 10 35.7 % No Problems 0.1- 3.1 3 10.7 % Anxiety 2.1- 3.1 1 3.6 % Stubbornness 2.1- 3.1 1 % 3.6 Liing 0.1- 3.1 3 10.7 % Phobia 0.9- 3.1 4 14.3 % Isolation 0.1- 3.1 3 10.7 % Shyness 2.1- 3.1 1 3.6 % Bedwetting 1.1- 3.1 2 7.1 % Sucking fingers 28 100 % Entire * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) The above tabular array ( No.8 ) shows that there are important differences in the extent of prevalence of behavior jobs among pupils with physical disablements. It shows that 35.7 % of them have no behaviour jobs. It besides shows that the most common behaviour jobs among pupils with physical disablements are isolation at per centum of 14.3, so anxiousness, phobic disorder and shyness at per centum of 10.7 for each, yet such per centums are non important because the difference between the ascertained and expected value is negative ( -0.9 ; and -0.1 ) . In decision, tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 showed that the rate of pupils with ocular damage who do non endure from any behavior jobs is 18.2 % , while it is 21.8 % among pupils with rational disablements, 35.7 among pupils with physical disablements, and 35.7 among pupils with hearing damages. These consequences show that pupils ocular damages face more behavior jobs, followed by pupils with the rational disablements. This is due to the fact that the figure of the pupils with ocular damages subjected to the survey was 11 merely, contrary to the pupils with rational disablement who were 202. In add-on, it may be due to the fact that pupils with rational disablement face many behavior jobs may be due to their low mental abilities and adaptability, which make them less able to cover with stimulations around them and causes them to respond in a mode that is inconsistent with the predominating social civilization. This consequence is in conformity with Al-Khateeb survey ( 2003 ) .The Fourth Null HypothesisThere are no important differences at 0.05 degree in behavior jobs among pupils which are attributed to the badness of disablement. Chi-Squared Test was used to analyze this hypothesis. Consequences in table 9 shows that there are importantTable No. 9Chi-Square Test of Behavioral Problems Differences Harmonizing to the Severity of DisabilityBehavior jobs Observed Value Expected Value Residual Person Chi-square df Sign Mild Mode-rate Sever Mild Mode-rate Sever Mild Mode-rate Sever 133.37 28 0.000* No Problems 40 24 12 16.1 22 37.9 23.9 2 25.9- Anxiety 5 14 25 9.3 12.7 21.9 4.3- 3.0 3.1 Aggression 4 8 15 5.7 7.8 13.5 1.7- 0.2 1.5 Emotional droop 2 4 2 1.7 2.3 4 0.3 1.7 2- Impudence 1 0 1 0.4 0.6 1 0.6 0.6- 0 Stubbornness 3 7 25 7.4 10.1 17.4 4.4- 3.1- 7.6 Liing 6 0 0 1.3 1.7 3 4.7 1.7- 3.0- Phobia 0 5 15 4.2 5.8 10 4.2- 0.8- 5 Isolation 1 8 9 3.8 5.2 9 2.8- 2.8 0 Shyness 0 11 16 5.7 7.8 13.5 5.7- 4.2- 9.5 Hyperactive 1 0 0 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.3- 0.5- Steeling 1 0 0 0.2 0.3 0.5 .8 0.3- 0.5- Bedwetting 0 0 3 0.6 0.9 1.5 0.6- 0.9- 1.5 Nail-biting 0 2 1 0.6 0.9 1.5 0.6- 1.1 0.5- Sucking fingers 0 0 2 0.4 0.6 1 0.4- 0.6- 1 Entire 63 86 148 * Alpha = ( 0.05 ) differences in the extent of prevalence of behaviour jobs harmonizing to the badness of disablement. The more terrible the disablement, the more behavior jobs occurs. This consequence is in understanding with Salha ‘s survey ( 2007 ) . It is besides found that lying is the most common behaviour job among pupils with mild disablements, with a difference of 4.7 between the ascertained and expected value. Researchers attribute this to the fact that those pupils have certain consciousness and ability of some use. Anxiety appeared as the most prevalence behaviour job among pupils with moderate disablements, with a difference of 3.0 between the ascertained and expected value. This is due to cut down physical and centripetal abilities among them, which makes them more disquieted in their communicating with society and more concerned about their hereafter. It is besides found that the most common behaviour job among the pupils with terrible disablements is shyness, with a difference of 9.5 between the ascertained and expected value, and stubbornness with a difference of 7.6. This may be due to the fact that they are inclined non to look in public or acquire involved in many activities because of their reduced abilities since they are ashamed of their status and hence chorus from demoing their abilities to others. In decision, the survey confirms that male pupils face more behavioural jobs comparing to female pupils. These jobs appear to be more intensified harmonizing to the badness of the disablement and aging advancement. In add-on, pupils with rational disablements exhibit more behavioural jobs comparing to other classs. Based on the consequences of this survey, it is recommended that rehabilitation centres should pay more attending to the followers: Provide appropriate behavior alteration plan to pupils with rational disablements, since they are the bulk of those with enduring from behavior jobs. Develop psychological and societal plans for pupils with terrible disablements to advance their version and communicating accomplishments. Support female disabled pupils psychologically, emotionally and socially, in order to raise their assurance to take part in societal activities. Provide showing services to observe early initial indexs of behaviour jobs in order to work out them before they exacerbate and affect other developmental facets. Provide plans that help pupils with disablements to be cognizant of their abilities, and direct them to the hereafter based on those abilities. This will cut down their anxiousness ensuing from experiencing inefficient.

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Critical Analysis - Essay Example As a result, various nations within the island are selling citizenships in order to finance resort projects. For example in St. Kitts, Christophe harbour, have teamed up with the government where they are going to provide citizenship to qualified applicants. One of the qualifications is to invest at least $400,000 in a project known as Christophe Harbour Development. This has extended from St. Kitts to Antigua and Grenada. These infusions are meant to increase tourist attractions and on the other hand the investors to get Caribbean passports. The main purpose of this article, as described above, is to analyse and present the average view of the issue of Caribbean nations on investing using citizenship. The author’s main arguments are his analysis and are based on the positive view. However, on this whole issue, this is one unorthodox way of financing resorts and villas. As a result, the Caribbean vacation home is experiencing an irrational recovery; there is new construction everywhere this is especially in the smaller nations disdained by the conservative lenders. Although this citizenship by investment seems to be a good move for the economy of the countries, there are some factors that they have not considered. For example, they are devaluing the citizenship of these countries. These nations are at the risk of vetting their applicants with lax, which in turn will make other countries place even greater laws and restrictions to all the travellers in Caribbean’s passports. Although the author has used some comments given by people in government, the paper is biased and limited to the people in power. He does not give the common man a chance to express his view on the matter. As a result, he is not entirely able to be objective in writing his view on the article. Hudson, Kris., Caribbean Exchange: Invest In property and Get Citizenship. Wall Street Article. Wall Street Journal. (2014)

Radins arguments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Radins arguments - Assignment Example t hold that a person offering is entitled to understand the persons in the other position of person offering enters the contract in the proposed terms, if the person in the position of being the person being promised gets to understand the words and conduct of the offered as signaling consent according to the terms of the person offering. It also applies to a situation where there is a mutual understanding among the traders; this theory doesn’t apply to boilerplate. Objective theory relies on an individual’s free will; it also relies on the communication and language of the individual. Autonomy theory has an objective basis; it relies on the individual’s free will. Autonomy theory fosters exchange of transition and which the state is justified in diverting breaching promise of the property entitled. Individual autonomy is an institution of contrast and it is justified on basis of free will. Radin also used a background theory that justifies exchange under consensual transfer contracts in another example. For example a liberal state that failed to set up proper rules for enforcing these contracts and refusing to enforce those that aren’t. According to Baird’s argument that focuses on the contract theory upon individual and barging never applies to the boilerplate. Consent plays an important role in contract as a product review. According to Baird’s reasoning relinquishing one’s right to bring action into the court especially without knowing what one is doing. For example one buying computer and the hard disk fails two years later and by then the warrant would have expired. Another issue that Radin addressed is if utilitarian-welfare economic theory can actually justify boilerplates deletion of rights or not. With the intention of knowing the efficiency of the goals, the economic theory of contracts had to be examined although this tends to submerge caused by autonomy in transfer by collapsing the actual requirements of the hypothetical

Assessment of Historical Growth in the US Economy Essay

Assessment of Historical Growth in the US Economy - Essay Example The Constant dollar GDP is also known as the 'Real GDP represents the quantity of economic output. Real GDP is always used in measuring the overall rate at which an economy is grown. The current dollar GDP represents the market value of goods and services produced in a period in a country. In order to solve our question of whether the USA is enjoying the longest continuous expansion of its economy since modern records began the best solution is to retrieve the GDP figures of the US economy over a period up to which the records are available. And compare them to check for the trend of the growth in the US economy expressed through the GDP figures. Usually such kinds of economic data can be obtained from the website of Bureau of Economic Analysis. (BEA) An analysis of the US GDP is expressed in chained dollars in the BEA Website for the period from 1929 to 2006 last quarter. An analysis of the historical GDP figures indicate that the US economy has been continuously showing an increasing trend only except for some years where it shows a negative trend. Especially in the years where there were recessions of the economy the GDP has been continuously growing. From the following Chart it can be observed that the growth of the US economy suffered slightly during the years 1974, 1982 and 1991. These are the known periods of recession where the US economy was recoding a negative growth of -0.51 percent, -1.97percetn, and -0.17percent respectively which are very negligible. Apart from these small deviations in the near past the US economy has been continuously doing well. The observed data is also produced below to show that in the real values also the GDP of the US economy is growing continuously except for intermittent reversals to negative figures. These negative figures are not significant except for certain years like 1932 and 1946 where the negative growth is showing high figures -14.94 percent in 1932 and -12.39 in the year 1946. Chart Showing the Growth in the US Economy From the chart it may also be observed that there has been continuous positive growth in the US GDP figures during the longest spell of year 1992 to year 2006. Thus by examining the growth of the GDP of United States over a period, the statement that "The USA is enjoying today the longest continuous expansion of its economy since modern records began" can be proved. Table Showing the US GDP figures over the years Year GDP Chained Year GDP Chained

Techniques in the Management of Dyspnea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Techniques in the Management of Dyspnea - Essay Example It is a generally stressful experience and can cause limitations in one’s functions and activities. When patients’ conditions deteriorate then the dyspnoea can also get worse. In effect, the more that they would be exposed to the risk factors associated with the condition, the more that they are likely to experience dyspnoea. This paper shall seek to establish the different techniques by which dyspnoea can be managed or treated. This paper is being carried out in order to arrive at a comprehensive and scholarly discussion on the subject matter. Physiology of dyspnoea In considering the physiology of dyspnoea, this is a condition which can arise from respiratory diseases which present in various abnormalities inside the afferent pathways, the efferent pathways, or the central control centres of the respiratory system (Irwin, et.al., 1997, p. 5). Dyspnoea is said to be caused by the interruption of the relationship between the force produced by the respiratory muscles and the consequence change in the muscle length (Weisman, et.al., 2002, p. 92). Based on the Thoracic society, the respiratory output is caused by the respiratory neurons during automatic reflex breathing. Corollary discharges play a role in respiratory effort and can sometimes cause dyspnoea. The mechanical receptors in the joints and muscles of the chest are also programmed to send signals to the brain. According to Altose, et.al., (1989, p. 145) vibrations during inspiration activates these receptors which can change dyspnoea scores among COPD patients. From the above possible physiological pathways, feelings of dyspnoea may manifest. Now, different techniques on the management and treatment of dyspnoea shall be discussed. Techniques in the management of dyspnoea Symptomatic management The first step in the management of dyspnoea is its symptomatic management. Dyspnoea is one of those symptoms which need fast and efficient management. Failing to immediately manage it can lead to str ess, anxiety, loss of consciousness, angina, and other serious conditions. The symptomatic management can either be through the implementation of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. Treatment of dyspnoea The treatment of dyspnoea was considered in a study by Sassi-Dambron, et.al. (1995). The authors carried out a randomized clinical trial in order to establish a pulmonary program focusing on coping strategies for dyspnoea without exercise training. About 89 patients with COPD were enrolled in the study. These respondents were assigned to either a pulmonary rehabilitation treatment or general health education groups. The pulmonary training involved progressive muscle relaxation, breathing retraining, pacing, self-talk, and panic control (Sassi-Dambron, et.al., 1995). The study involved tests of 6-minutes walking distance, quality of well-being, psychological function, and dyspnoea measures at baseline, after treatment, and 6 months after treatment. After the 6-week tre atment, the study was able to establish that there was no difference seen in the control and in the test group in the different variables used to measure dyspnoea (Sassi-Dambron, et.al., 1995). This study implied that even with the application of dyspnoea management strategies, the lack of exercise training would still produce a negative outcome for the patient in terms of dyspnoea release. It is therefore important to consider a

Industrial Espionage at XYZ Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Industrial Espionage at XYZ - Assignment Example That in itself is a felony under this state’s laws and could also fall under embezzlement laws. The administrator discreetly monitored Mr. Roberts’ activities for quite some time before Human Resources decided it was time to make a move. Using Remote Access Software, namely Manage Engine’s OPS manager the administrator was able to ascertain that Mr. Roberts had inserted a USB thumb drive, which was in direct contravention of company policy. With this information, the administrator asked Mr. Roberts to meet with him in his own cubicle. Becoming worried, Roberts then proceeded to delete the information from the USB and denied that there was ever anything on the thumb drive. It was then confiscated and Mr. Roberts was suspended. Following procedures, and thinking that Mr. Roberts did not have the technical knowledge to permanently wipe the drive, the administrator made an image copy of the drive which he named Disk G. He and I have spent several days attempting to r ecreate any data that is contained on the original USB drive, which is still secured in the Company’s vault. ... of them falling into other hands is dangerous, especially since the FBI considers industrial espionage as an act of Cold War, particularly when a foreign country such as China is involved in the act (2012). According to the referenced website, China is one of the biggest culprits in industrial espionage and only seldom recognized copyrights and patents outside their country. With what was found I recommended to the HR and administrator press charges against Mr. Roberts on behalf of their company. The district attorney concurs and assures me the case will be prosecutable, provided the administrator is able to discreetly explain what was on the disc. CASE 2 This case involves a group of students at the university who have been committing terroristic acts upon fellow students at the school. Acting on a tip that the group, considered a cult by campus security, was planning a series of coordinated attacks, security agents consisting of campus police, local police and Federal agents, raide d the hideout of the group, located in a house at a remote off campus location. Along with some papers, which include basic generic information about the students’ courses and do not contain any useful information, there was a floppy disk seized during the raid. The confidential informant assures the investigators that the disk is pay dirt and it contains very useful data on what, when and where the attacks are. Not only that, it is purported to include the names of group members. With that in mind I took the disk, labeled Case 2FDD Image, back to my computer lab to decipher its contents. The first step I undertook, before examining the contents, was to make an image of the disk, which was successful. This is to ensure the integrity of the disk is not compromised so that the subsequent

Spray Tanning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spray Tanning - Essay Example When applied DHA reacts to the proteins and amino acids on the skin to produce a golden brown color. The bronzer is water-soluble and will wash off but does not affect the overall tan. It is designed to give an instant color. After the initial application a tan will take two to three hour to begin to darken. (Wittwer , 2008) After twenty-four hours it will reach the peak tan. Just as a natural tan it will fade with everyday washing. To maintain a great tan one should go and have a spray tan done every five to seven days as it will begin to wear off. The process to get a spray tan can take less than sixty seconds. Most of the saloons are offering this method of getting a tan, and often a perfect one. Spray tanning is the solution if someone is uncomfortable in applying tanners themselves and wants a UV free tan. Spray tanning helps eliminate streaking and rough discolorations, on suitably prepared skin, and is fast and simple. Generally within 10 seconds it is done. Most of the people use spray tan in the nude as the saloons are completely private, others may wear bathing suits or undies, but that's up to the person. Bronzers used can stain ones clothing, so the person should wear something dark, skimpy and made of a material like cotton. (Tillson, 2008)A consultant can guide how to protect nasal passages and mouth from breathing in the mist. Saloons also provide a shower cap for hair and eyes safety. Color appears instantly, though some of these fade and wash off since the actual shade usually appears wholly within 24 hours, with most of the self tanning products. (Ruderman, 2007) The number of sittings/ sessions will be up to the desired darkness. People's favorite celebrities like, Ashley Olsen, Christina Aguilera and Jessica Simpson also encourage use of spray tanning by using these themselves. And not so favorites like Brooke Hogan and Paris Hilton are on there too. (Strauss, 2008) Safety Recommendations for Spray Tanning Following are the safety recommendations for spray tanning booths: Eye Protection: Use of disposable eye protective covers generally known as Winkies. Lip Protection: Use of any kind of coating of a Lip Balm like Vaseline. Inhalation protection: Use of a nose filter that can be worn in order to protect mucous membrane of the nasal passages and also to provide inhalation protection.( John, 2006) Some Facts about Spray Tanning As a topical product researchers agree that DHA is approved to be used in sunless tanning saloons as mist, but has not been. DHA was not approved to be sprayed earlier on because of few of the chemicals present in the DHA solution are dangerously poisonous. With the latest craze, doctors warn that whilst the industry might call DHA a simple sugar solution, but its not. It is not an edible sugar, and no one should eat it. The government's regulations for DHA list several tolerable ingredients in the solution. It has arsenic, mercury and lead. Mercury and arsenic are truly allowed because of being initially permitted by the ministry for topical application, and these were never meant to come in contact with lungs, lips or any other sensitive body membranes area that would let it get into the blood stream. (Bennett, 2008) According to a survey, not all of the spray tanning boo

Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Film - Essay Example tion of America, the film industry took a high recovery path between 1970 and 1980, through the integration of the television and the film division of the MCA with new blockbuster films. This was to be reversed back to the studio system balance of power, after the deregulation of the media that swept through the 1990s, coupled with globalization and digital technologies (Schatz, n.d.). Between the 1920s and the 1940s, the film industry was controlled by the Big Eight Studios, which operated on a factory-based mode, and the studio control made the industry flourish through the depression and the World War II, such that the government had to tolerate the studio control. However, by 1947-8, the studio control experienced one of its major blows that saw the revenues drop drastically. This is because, the Supreme Court ruled to prohibit the collusive trade practices that enabled the big studios to control the industry (Schatz, n.d.). This resulted to the change of the mode of operation of the film business in Hollywood, to a new business model that operates to date. The ‘telefilm’ concept developed in the 1950s, with the rise of the profitable television production based on the West Coast films, which the studios started pursuing (Schatz, n.d.). Though initially the big studios such as the Warner Bros and the 20th Century Fox had initially resisted the ‘telefilm’ lure, they were eventually absorbed into it by the success of other studios, and by the 1960s, the TV series production had shifted from New York to Hollywood. Further, the 1960s were the years of increased film importation and international co-production, and during the same period, Hollywood ventured into regenerating its own art cinema (Schatz, n.d.). However, the excess youth-marketed art cinema coupled with the flop of high budget film resulted in a high recession for the industry between 1969 and 1971. This led to the revolution of the industry through the introduction of the theatrical

Analysis of the Agency's Policies, Procedures, and Plans Regarding Assignment

Analysis of the Agency's Policies, Procedures, and Plans Regarding Unions, privatization, Pensions , and Productivity, Part 4 - Assignment Example Workers have rights to impact wages work hours, benefits, health, safety and among others through unions. Agencies prefer not to have representation in the unions because, the workers influence the wages, and this may cause loss and workers lose their jobs. The reason being employees demands the agency to raise their salary, and if they do not do that, then they will end up losing workers and henceforth experience closure. Safety is another factor that they should consider; safety is the most important thing in companies. If t workers cannot feel safe where they work, most probably they are going to quit jobs and find other places where safety is in place. Privatization is whereby agencies move from being public and becomes private. Implementation of privatization gets control from a legal entity that that promotes initiative such as the Air Force. When the utility systems become old, obsolete and reliable, the Air Force began efforts to convey ownership of these service systems to the private sector through privatization efforts. The costs to upgrade these utilities are so costly whereby the government will cost the public more money and provide a lower level of service. Therefore, the independent private sectors ensure government initiatives meet their destined reliability and how it retorts to its utility systems. This effort helps to subside the need for the public to pay more taxes to the government. Instead, when the government receives support from the private sector, it is an opportunity for the air force. It will get more advanced utilities from the sponsors at large. It is a retirement plan usually tax exempt, whereby, an employee makes the contribution towards funds that is set aside for an employees future benefits. Plans represent an enormous future expense for companies. Companies, according to Frangakis, Hermann and Huffschmid (2010), review individual employee information held in the

Contract and Event Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Contract and Event Management - Essay Example As such several a detailed analyses of the event, venue and budget should be prior to organizing the event. Both contract and event catering form different sectors of the hospitality industry. The word hospitality actually covers all aspects of the hotel and catering industry. It actually means that the guests and strangers be treated in a generous and friendly manner. Catering means offering of facilities to people, particularly the provision of food. Contract and Event Catering sector: Contract catering includes all services required to prepare and deliver meals to people working or living in different communities, public offices, private offices, schools, colleges etc. Whenever these services are deputed to a service provider, it is known as contract catering. In other words it is a legal agreement between the consumer and the caterer to supply food for a particular event or for a specified time. This ensures that better quality food is delivered to the consumer as the chefs understand the exact taste preferences of the consumer. Similarly, when service providers are hired to provide food for specific events like marriages, functions, get together(s) etc., it is known as event catering. The caterers are hired for events based on the menu that needs to be served to the guests. Event catering is a part of contract catering and event managers are hired to organize and plan the event as well as the menu. The menu is planned accordi ng to the taste of the guests as well as the event. The provision and consumption of alcohol must be carefully considered when organizing an event. Ineffective alcohol management, particularly irresponsible serving practices, can create risks for staff, event patrons and the public O’Sullivan & Longland (1999). There are mainly 3 types of event management, Services: the event contract should explicitly mention that what kind of services the event management body is going to offer during pre event, at the