Sunday, December 29, 2019

Kennedy-Nixon Debate Analysis - 779 Words

Professor Fernando Ganivet SPC 3540 – Persuasion October 22, 2013 Kennedy-Nixon Debate Analysis There may be more truth to the old saying, â€Å"it’s not what you say but how you say it.† On average, 93 percent of meaning found in communication comes from nonverbal messages (Mehrabian 1967). Nonverbal communication is the wordless transmission of information through body language, gestures, tone, space and appearance. The first televised presidential debate is a pivotal example of how pervasive nonverbal communication actually is to an audience, and how it affects the credibility of the speaker(s). The purpose of this analysis is to present both the categories and functions of nonverbal communication within the context of the 1960†¦show more content†¦Nixon on the other hand, looked off camera and made eye contact with the four news correspondents instead of engaging his real audience, the American people watching at home. This was negatively perceived by those watching as Nixon shifting his gaze to avoid eye contact. Kennedy seemed a natural to the new medium of television whereas Nixon prepared much the same way he would for a radio show. References Dallek, R. (2003). An unfinished life: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. Druckman, J. N. (2003) The Power of Television Images: The First Kennedy-Nixon Debate Revisited. Journal of Politics, 65, 559 Ketrow, S.M. (1999) Nonverbal aspects of Group Communication. The Handbook of Group Communication Theory and Research, 255. Mehrabian, A. (1967). Attitudes inferred from non-immediacy of verbal communications. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 294-295. Mehrabian, A. (1967). Orientation behaviors and nonverbal attitude communication. Jounal of Communication, 17, 324-332. Nixon, R. M. (1962). Six Crises. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday. Schroeder, A. (2000). Presidential debates: Forty years of high-risk TV. New York: Columbia UniversityShow MoreRelatedPolitics Is A Joke ! Essay1638 Words   |  7 Pagesof ways by different people. This can create a confusing understanding of the message the authors are trying to portray. To combat this disparity the authors dedicated a section of their book to describe their definition of comedy and what their analysis is (8). The book uses the term â€Å"political humor† â€Å"to refer to any form of communication that alludes to something political and is intended to make people laugh (8).† In regards to political context the authors state â€Å"We make no distinction to exactlyRead MoreThe Power Of Television Images : The First Kennedy Nixon Debate Revised989 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence each media type has. Print ads, radio shows, television interviews, magazine articles and debates all have a degree of effectiveness on a voting demographic. Mastering the m edia effects on the people that are to be influenced is the key to successful communication of ideas and a successful political career. James Druckman in â€Å"The Power of Television Images: the first Kennedy-Nixon debate revised† looks at how television affects political behavior. Druckman’s (2003) hypothesis is that televisionRead MoreA Critical Analysis of the Key National Security Issues Faced in the Post-Vietnam War Period566 Words   |  3 PagesA Critical Analysis of the Key National Security Issues Faced in the Post-Vietnam War Period There have been a lot of developments that happened during the Vietnam War that concerns the key national security issues of the country. However, there are an also a lot of significant changes that occurred after that historical event, that forever changed the policy conceptualization and implementation of national and foreign-related issues. The administration of Richard Nixon was greatly affected byRead MoreThe Leadership Styles And Behavioral Analysis1532 Words   |  7 Pages-John F. Kennedy, 35th US President. This paper describes about the Leadership styles and Behavioral analysis of former U.S. president John F. Kennedy. Elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy was the youngest man to hold that office. He was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts to Joseph P. Kennedy, a self-made multimillionaire who led the Exchange commission and securities under Franklin D. Roosevelt and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. He parlayedRead MoreThe Leadership Styles And Behavioral Analysis1687 Words   |  7 Pagesfuture† -John F. Kennedy, 35th US President. This paper describes about the Leadership styles and Behavioral analysis of former U.S. president John F. Kennedy. Elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy was the youngest man to hold that office. He was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts to Joseph P. Kennedy, a self-made multimillionaire who led the Exchange commission and securities under Franklin D. Roosevelt and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. He parlayed anRead MoreWhere Have the Simple Days of Politically Informative Media Gone?1173 Words   |  5 Pagesrapid pace of live televised debates demands that politicians â€Å"respond to questions instantaneously† (Menand). This does not allow political leaders the opportunity to provide deep and thoughtful responses, despite their often having an amplitude of research memorized to support themselves. These types of televised debates are due to the media’s decision to report in a way that will retain the largest possible audience. It is a decision originating from media programs debate whether to â€Å"deliberatelyRead MoreFreedom of the Press Essay991 Words   |  4 Pages2008). Going back to the 1960 Presidential Election, many observers consider the 1960 debate between U.S. presidential candidates Kennedy and Nixon to be a textbook example of television-age political campaigning. It has often been asserted that differences in the two candidates television personae accounted in part for Kennedys election victory. Some, however, dispute the significance of the televised 1960 debates, suggesting that while visual cues undoubtedly have the potential to influence voterRead MoreIs Las Vegas A Destination For Many Travelers?1843 Words   |  8 PagesMinnesota revisited a television and ad agency research group s evaluation of the Nixon-Kennedy debate. In the original research by Sindlinger Co it was determined that those that heard the debate only on the radio found Nixon to be the winner of the debate while the others that saw the debate on television found Kennedy to be the winner. Key differences were Kennedy ele cted to have makeup applied prior to the debate and Nixon was suffering from a recent knee infection, of course older, but then alsoRead MoreAnalysis Of The Shape Of The Modern World 1917 Words   |  8 Pages University of Evansville What is the Significance of the Candidacy of Donald Trump? An analysis of underlying bigotry and racism in America Austin C. Kuhn The Shape of the Modern World – FYS112-H1A Dr. James MacLeod Friday, September 23, 2016 What is the Signifigance of the Candidacy of Donald Trump? The election of 2016 has seen rise to a number of strong, semi-radical opinions and ridiculous jokes (mostly created and spreaded online). These jokes range from theRead MoreWorld War II : The Great People s War1529 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II (The Great People’s War) was of deep importance to the formation of today’s international relations system, however the following periods after this war between the greatest powers in the world are also of great significance. The analysis of those periods and their impact on world history will be the first approach of this assessment. It is important to clarify that these periods cannot be annualized as isolated events that happened in History, but related events that in a way or another

Saturday, December 28, 2019

How The Nervous System Affects The Human Brain - 990 Words

Neurons are the basic data processing units for the human brain. Every neuron can receive 1000 electrical impulses from other neurons. Impulses that all come at the same time are added together and, if they are strong enough, they can generate electrical discharge, which is known as action potential or a nerve impulse. Neurons have a cell body or soma. Additionally, they have myelin. Myelin allows nerve impulses to move quickly from one neuron to another, which makes rapid signal transmission possible. It is a critical part of the nervous system and if it is not in a body it can be devastating, which can be exhibited through multiple sclerosis. The nervous system plays an important role in the body s ability to feel sensations and is made up of neurons, cells, and are necessary to perform even the simplest tasks. Your body has billions of tree-like processes that are involved in sensing this information from the environment, relaying the information to your brain, and sending inform ation to carry out the act of answering your cell phone as a response to the initial sensory input. There are a multitude of neurons in our bodies that are continuously communicating with each other to help us perform everyday tasks. These communications are a way for the neurons to transmit information between one another. This information is generally related to the physical actions and feelings which the body performs. Neurons allow us to feel pain and other sensations which wouldShow MoreRelatedNervous Systems And The Nervous System1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe nervous system is the most crucial and key part of our body. The nervous system is responsible for managing our thinking process, emotions, and body functions. The nervous system has two important parts; the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The nervous system is consisted of many different and connected parts such as nerves and neurons that transmit all different kinds of signals between different parts of our bodies. Essentially, I think of it as the body’s electricalRead MorePsycholo gy : Mind Body Problem898 Words   |  4 Pageswith how the nervous system functions. It comes from the concept of neuroscience. The processes of physiology also contribute to the concept of neurophysiology. The nervous system controls all the functions of the body. It also contributes to how the mind operates. With regard to the explanation of the mind body problem, it is quite evident it has a relationship with the concept of neurophysiology. Neurons are microscopic cells that compose the human brain. The functions of the nervous system involveRead MoreThe Purpose Of My Research Conducted For This Paper Was1677 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of my research conducted for this paper was to examine the relationship between Parkinson s disorder and its connection to the anatomy of the human body. Parkinson s is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement due to the loss of Dopamine. Dopamine which is a neurotransmitter located in the brain allows signals to be transported from one nerve cell to another. Its purpose is to regulate both movement and cognition. The loss of these chemical messengers can causeRead MoreNervous Systems And The Nervous System1440 Words   |  6 Pages Nervous System The human body is one of the most complex structures known to mankind. To this day, we still do not have all the answers to how our body functions. One of the most complex structures in the human body is the nervous system, which controls the voluntary and involuntary actions, as well as send signals throughout the body. The nervous system is split up into two parts; the peripheral (PNS) and central (CNS) nervous systems. The central nervous system consists of two main parts; theRead MoreWhy Are Human Psychologists Concerned With Human Biology?1548 Words   |  7 Pages9-1: Why are human psychologists concerned with human biology? Psychologists working from a biological perspective study the links between biology and behavior. We are biopsychosocial systems, in which biological, psychological and social-cultural factors interact to influence behavior. 9-2: What are the parts of a neuron and how are neural impulses generated? Neurons are the elementary components of the nervous system, the body s speedy electrochemical information system. A neuron receives signalsRead MoreUnderstanding The Mind Body Problem994 Words   |  4 PagesSection one, question two 2.) Discuss how the following concepts relate to the mind-body problem: * neurophysiology * psychophysics * theory of evolution. For each, be sure and: (1) describe the area of study, (2) discuss the views of at least ONE major thinker associated with that area of study, and (3) explain what that area of study contributed to the attempt to reconcile the mind-body problem. The mind-body problem tries to explain the states of the minds, occurrence of events, andRead MoreThe Muscular And Nervous Systems Of Our Body959 Words   |  4 Pages The Muscular and Nervous Systems of our body are two of eight major body functional systems that help us maintain homeostasis or in a chemical balance within our bodies. When the body cannot maintain homeostasis there is usually some sort of sickness or disease that is targeting one of our major body functions. An example of two diseases that could affect our homeostasis within our Muscular and Nervous System are Hydrocephalus and Dystonia. The Nervous System is the system of our body that dealRead MoreThe Anatomy And Physiology Of Cerebral Palsy And The Nervous System Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The human body is made up of many organ systems that consist of organs and tissues of different anatomies and diverse nomenclature. These organs systems, organs and tissues are prone to thousands of diseases, and one of these diseases is cerebral palsy, which is a disease of the nervous system in simple terms. Research relating to cerebral palsy is carried out, whereby the disorder is described, along with its history, and how it affects the nervous system and the brain. The anatomy ofRead MoreEssay on PSY340 r4 Week One Tutorial Quiz1083 Words   |  5 Pagescan affect behavior? a. Genes may affect neurotransmitter levels or receptors. b. Genes can act indirectly by making it more likely you will be raised in a particular environment. c. Genes themselves cause behavior without any influence of the environment. d. Genes produce proteins that may make it more likely for a person to become addicted. 3. Nerves from the central nervous system convey information to the muscles and glands by way of the: a. autonomic nervous system. b. somatic nervous systemRead MoreEssay on Understanding Consciousness1728 Words   |  7 Pagespsychology, the relationship between the human nervous system and behavior, and an evaluation of historical figures in the field of physiological psychology The Biopsychological Approach to Understanding Consciousness The process of understanding awareness can be complex. Understanding that there are different spectrums of consciousness and that each type represents different principles is the best approach to understanding awareness. As the endocrine system regulates hormones in the body, chemical

Friday, December 20, 2019

Marxist And Conflict Theories Of Deviance Essay - 1580 Words

Marxist and Conflict Theories of Deviance The theorists discussed in this chapter surroung Marxist and conflict theories do not always agree on all the views of their theories, they come from the same social constructionist or relativist perspective. Social construction is referred to as a theory of knowledge in sociology and communications theory that examines the development of cooperatively constructed understandings of the world. There are two general ways in which theories differ from each other, the first is their definition of power. Marxists focus on the political economy and the capitalist system in their analyses of power and conflict, while the conflict theorists have customarily expanded their definitions of power beyond focus on the capitalist system. The second difference between the two is the policy implications that branch from the theories. Marxists tend to advocate for revolutionary overthrow of the capitalist system as the only way to solve power differentials and conflict, while conflict theorists are more open to reforms that do not advocate revolution. Both theories are from the macro perspectives, meaning that they focus on structural issues, institutions, and group behaviors, not on individual behaviors or experiences. Much of the focus of these theories is on the creation and preservation of laws that benefit one group over the other. Marxist and conflict theories are interested in why and how some groups are defined as deviant and how theirShow MoreRelatedEvaluate the usefulness of Marxist theory to our understanding of crime and deviance1201 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluate the usefulness of Marxist theory to our understanding of crime and deviance (40 marks) Synopticity - Crime Deviance sociological theory Marxist explanations of crime and deviance, like their work on other areas like the family and education, rest on an economic and structural analysis of society that sees a class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. This struggle comprises the attempts by the proletariat to free themselves from the domination of the bourgeoisieRead MoreTheories, Conflict Theories And Developmental Theories957 Words   |  4 PagesModule six readings cover why certain groups of people may commit or not commit crime in comparison to other groups of individuals. Different theories this module covers to help explain different criminal patterns are labeling theories, conflict theories and developmental theories. Labeling theories also known as social reaction theory tries to explain how labeling a person can actually cause them to participate in more criminal behavior (Tibbetts, 2012, p. 173). They believe that by labeling someoneRead MoreA Critical Comparison Of Marxist Theory And Merton’S Strain1530 Words   |  7 Pages A Critical Comparison of Marxist Theory and Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance. Introduction: This particular work will consist of a critical theoretical review and a comparative analysis on two criminological theories. For the comparison I have chosen Marx’s theory of crime and Merton’s strain theory of deviance. My critical comparison analysis will emphasise the central concepts and arguments within both theories and how each theory explains crime. The analysis will then explore modern dayRead More‚Äà ²Marxism Is No Longer Relevant to Our Understanding of Crime Deviance in Society‚Äà ´1269 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to answer the question, the terms Crime Deviance must firstly be defined. Crime is an act against the Law (robbery, murder etc), thus the act is known as illegal, whereas Deviance is an act that is not against the Law but an act seen as ‘abnormal’ and going against the norms values o f Society, such as cross-dressing etc. Marx developed the idea of Marxism (a conflict theory between Upper and Lower social classes) in the 18th Century, when social classes were very clearly defined-Read MoreCompare and contrast two main sociological theories of crime and deviance.1636 Words   |  7 Pagessociological theories of crime and deviance. Deviance and crime are wide-ranging terms used by sociologists to refer to behavior that varies, in some way, from a social norm.  Cultural Norms are societys propensity towards certain ideals; their aversion from others; and their standard, ritualistic practices. Essentially the norm is a summation of typical activities and beliefs of group of people.  This essay will evaluate the sociological theories associated with crime and deviance and to compareRead MoreCrime and Deviance1123 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluate Marxist explanations of Crime and Deviance Labelling theory paved the way in understanding how deviance was something defined by social processes. In this way social agencies such as the police defined what was deviant. Marxists took this view even further by examining the power of certain social groups to define deviance and create the laws which secured social conformity. Marxists see crime and deviance as not coming from moral or biological defects but defects within social order. CrimeRead MoreMarxists theory to the sociological understanding of crime and deviance913 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Assess the contribution of the Marxist theory to the sociological understanding of crime and deviance. (21 marks) Marxism is a macro/structural approach to society, meaning that it looks at the large-scale societal structure for answers about how society works and operates and explores crime and deviance in relation to classes within a capitalist society. Marxists claim that laws do not reflect a value consensus, instead laws and law enforcement benefits the rich (protection of private property)Read MoreThe Main Principles Of Functionalism1429 Words   |  6 Pagesagreed the family unit had several functions in society however its two main functions were socialization and stabilization of personalities (a sociologyof family life deborah.c), Conflicting theory however has contradicting views and explanations on the purpose of the family unit in society. Conflict theory interprets the family as a system of power relations that reinforces and reflects the inequalities in society. (understanding a diverse society sociology pg399) These inequalities consist of genderRead MoreMarx and Durkheim’s Views Contributed to our Understanding of Crime and Deviance? 899 Words   |  4 Pagesand Deviance? Karl Marx’s Marxist theory and Emile Durkheim’s functionalist theory were both significant in their own ways and therefore made a large contribution to our perception and understanding of how crime and deviance occurs and is dealt with in society. The Marxist theory on crime was focused on the concept that the huge shift towards a capitalist society was the root cause and driving force behind the formation of social divisions and subsequent increase in crime and conflict. WillemRead MoreEssay on Deviance and Society969 Words   |  4 Pages Determining Deviance The dictionary defines deviance as the breakdown or diversion from the accepted norm or expected standards of behaviour of a society. The concept of deviance however has no standard definition, it is deemed to be culturally relative. That is to say that your culture (norms, values and morals) determine what you as an individual or your society deems deviant behaviour. Functionalist Findings on Deviance The functionalist sociologist would

Pursuing A Master s Degree Of Mental Health Counseling...

I am writing to inform you of my strong interest in pursuing a Master’s Degree in Mental Health Counseling with Nova Southeastern University for the Fall 2016 program. I earned my Bachelor’s of Science Degree with a double major in Psychology and Research from The University of North Florida in 2013. For the past three years I have worked for Gateway Community Services as an Adolescent Outpatient Counselor. I am looking forward to continuing my education with Nova Southeastern University. I come from a small military family where neither of my parents graduated high school. My parents divorced when I was two and left my mother as the sole provider for three children. Over the next few years I experienced severe personal trauma that would change the course of my life. At the age of 15 I dropped out of school, left home, and began working to support myself. The highest level of education I completed at that time was the eighth grade. In my early twenties I became a single mother of two girls. Because of the financial struggles that I endured due to not continuing my education I clearly emphasized the importance of getting a college education to both of my children. One particular discussion that I was having at the dinner table where I was enforcing the â€Å"requirement† of college for my children; my youngest daughter questioned me in the most innocent way, â€Å" Mommy? Why is it so important for us to go to college when you didn’t even finish high sch ool?† at that moment my life

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities Essay Example For Students

Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities Essay In Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities, the character of Sydney Carton was presented as an alcoholic lawyer with very low self-esteem. He progressed as a character and changed slightly in appearance mainly in Chapter 20 of Book the Second. In the preceding chapters, Carton is merely described as a drunkard, frequenting tavern and downing copious amounts of wine. Charles Darnay used a sarcastic understatement, I think you have been drinking, Mr. Carton (71) to highlight this ludicrous point. In his ranting, however, he makes his true feelings clear. Carton efers to himself as a disappointed drudge who no one on earth cares for (71). He tends to be a follower, especially of Stryver, which takes full advantage of this simple man s efforts. On the contrary, Carton does show tendencies to do very studious and good work as a lawyer, described as an amazingly good jackal (72). The only problem he had with that good trait is that he had no confidence or self-esteem to back up his aptitude for law; hence he would never be a lion (72). Further, he was always considered an outsider. Carton appeared to be a vile, morose man, when in actuality it was the alcohol speaking. He never really expressed his true self until that soft side emerged in the closing action of the book. The fact that Carton never found companionship in upright man and that he binged frequently caused people to look upon Carton distastefully, causing his outcast status. After Darnay s marriage to Lucie, however, Carton made an appearance and showed genuine emotion toward Darnay. He apologized for his drunkenness, and made a plea to be friends (172). Darnay was patronizing to Carton, not giving him much respect, yet Carton seemed to be earnest nevertheless. This showed how Carton was actually an admirable man on the inside, but still had a problem with alcoholism. This showed an honorable trait within the man who was an outcast, and it causes the reader to look at Carton a bit differently from that point forward. In conclusion, Carton was a drunkard lawyer with low self-esteem that was lacking in many ways, but had positive traits on the inside. He chose not to allow those traits to show very often, but they were still apparent. Sydney Carton is a very integral character to this book, showing a very dynamic personal change.

Music and Silence free essay sample

As much as I would like to say I know who I am and I know what I’m going to do, I can’t. I love noise, but dislike silence, I think. I tried all day to inspire myself for this essay with music but I wasnt inspired until the music stopped. I found my inspiration in the quiet that I thought I didn’t like. I find myself undecided, I find myself liking the experience of indecision, of the possibility of all choices, and disliking the fruitlessness of that indecision. Do I like silence or do I like noise? Art or math? Chocolate ice cream or vanilla? What am I drawn to write about in this essay? I tend to have a sort of schizophrenic decision making process, never wanting to choose, or choosing, and then feeling regret. Recently, I came to peace with my indecision. I’ve realized that it’s okay to be indecisive right now. We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Silence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I believe that every possibility has a value that I want to consider and I want to be able to act on as many possibilities as I can, without compromising any of them. I’ve never led a â€Å"normal† life and I never want to. So, though it may be odd to some, I look forward to what’s not going to be easy. I’ve lived in three very different places too: Maui, Toronto and Syracuse. The massive whales floating carefree by the shores of Maui, hopping from restaurant to restaurant in downtown Toronto, and hanging out with my friends by the high school in Syracuse, has given me a glimpse of the rich range of choices I will have to choose from. Having learned early on of the boundless infinity of options out there is definitely a key root of my indecision. I want to try a little bit of everything, but I want to know that what I do resonates with who I am. Moving to a city like Boston with its unlimited opportunities, would allow me to explore the possibilities of life and discover the possibilities that I am naturally drawn to. My unusual experiences make me who I am today and my indecision will add to who I become tomorrow. At this moment in my life the entire world is open to me. There are so many opportunities, so much I want to experience, so much Im interested in. Of course, with my indecision and my open interests, I face the difficulty of trying to do too much, spreading myself too thin and therefore getting almost nowhere. I can’t choose everything, there’s just not enough time. I am ready to face the difficulty of becoming creative in my indecision, making it an experience that will help me discover what I want most. I want to explore all of life that I can. That is the one decision I know for sure is true.

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Three Major Human Decision Making Accidents

Question: Discuss about theThree Major Human Decision Making Accidents. Answer: Introduction The aviation industry is an international industry which requires decision making and execution at all levels. The decision-making, aimed towards customer safety and safe landing should be guided by ethics, situations and experiences of the personnel (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). Wrong decisions on the side of aviation staffs, irrespective of their levels, have already claimed hundreds of lives (Major, 2014). The upper, middle and the lower level staffs should frame policies which should work towards avoiding air accidents and secure the lives of the passengers and the members of the crew on board. The Singapore Airlines is an example of the organization structure in an aviation company. The organization structure of Singapore Airlines is led by the Chief Executive Officer, the chairman of the board, vice chairman of the board and the directors. The offices of the CFO, SATS, Tiger Airways, Secretary, Sales, HR and Operations, India, Product sales, Cabin crew, IT, HR and Sales marketing report to the CEO. The sales operations of France reports to the sales department while marketing planning reports to Sales and marketing department. The senior level management of companies are usually attributed with the power, knowledge and experience to take correct decisions. Their decisions are made up of business strategies which concern the whole or most of an organization (Anderson et al., 2015). The decisions due to systemic errors similarly affect the whole mechanism and have far reaching impact. The board of directors in the aviation companies, like any other company takes the key decisions and policies of the organizations. Their strategies in the areas of customer satisfaction initiatives, financing, product planning and so on are reflected in the actions of the pilots, ground staffs and all the other people present in the airport. Their lack of control and concern for the passengers are the causes of several accidents that have killed thousands of passengers (Hevelke Nida-Rmelin, 2015). Aloha Airlines is a Hawaii based airlines company which operated from Honolulu International Airport till March 31, 2008. Aloha Airlines Flight 243 which was Being 737 faced extensive decompression in air on April 28, 1988. The plane managed to land on Kahului Airport amidst lack of coordination or distractions between the responsible staffs. The accident killed a flight attendant and left 65 people injured. The investigation carried out by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) which finds out several active errors on the part of Aloha Airlines to maintain the aircrafts (www.ntsb.gov). The airlines authority or the decision makers did not carry on complete inspection of the flight in spite of the fact that the parts were showing defects. The sections stuck together by adhesives cracked and caused small cracks on the metal body of the air bus. NTSB also blamed The Federation Aviation Administration for not monitoring the quality of operations of the airlines companies under its purview. The FAA, in response to the investigation and findings there from, changed the pattern of rivets so as to reduce the stress on the planes metal skin. The safety board of Aloha Airlines, under the pressure of investigation from these two bodies issued its future goals to upgrade the quality of maintenance and inspection to avoid such accidents. The airlines company concentrated on enhancing its technical work force to bring in the advanced technology to maintain the aeroplanes. The company changed its corrosion prevention methods to improve the life of its air busses (Ni et al. 2014). The management reformed its flight schedules to increase the number of flights in order to compete with the other international airlines companies. The main recommendations of the board were to improve the skills of staffs to avoid such mistakes and slips. The recommendations also proposed acquiring of superior quality airbuses and ancillary units with proper licenses. The responsibilities and areas of power of the federal investigators were also enhanced to ensure prevention of such accidents. The accident became a subject of national interest which resulted in framing of new propositions in the aviation industry regarding maintenance and inspection of aeroplanes, especially the old ones (JOHN H. CUSHMAN Jr., 2017). The middle level staffs like the pilot and the captain are the ones who actually fly the planes. They guide, instruct and are responsible for the safety of the onboard passengers. Their main work is to fly the plane towards the destination airports and ensure the safety of the passengers in all respects (Johnson, 2015). Their decision-making power driven by technology and experience control the very existence of the onboard passengers. The Singapore Airlines Flight 368( SQ368) was an international passenger plane which took off from the Singapore Changi Airport on June 27, 2016. The plane took off but returned to the airport after receiving fuel warning. The plane landed by the engine 777 which sent fuel alarm caught fire but there were no injuries. The reason of the fire was an oil leak from the engine which on landing caught fire due to friction. The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore extinguished the fire in five minutes but the wing was seriously damaged. The Air Accident Investigation Bureau of Singapore revealed that the fuel in the engine 777 got contaminated from the main fuel oil heat exchanger because of a fissure in it. The manufacturer of the engine looked into the matter and repaired the engine. The investigation revealed that the probable cause of the accident was flying the plane at a very low altitude. The pilot was flying the plane to simulate realistic situations very close to the woods below which was a wrong decision based on wrong judgement. The Singapore Airlines Flight 006(SQ 006/SIA 006) was a Singapore Airlines to take off from Singapore Changi Airport to Los Angeles International Airport via Taoyuan International Airport, Taiwan. The flight met with a massive accident when it took off during torrential rain due to typhoon Xangsane killing 83 onboard passengers and turned out to be one of the deadliest accidents (HWAI, 2017). The ground staff cleared the runway 05L during the typhoon and torrential rain. After a second, the crew tried to take off from runway number 05R which ran parallel to 05L and closed due to construction work. The airport did not have ASDE, ground radar which could control aircraft movements on the ground. The pilot, in spite of hearing the instruction to land on 05L but land up on the runway on which elevators and bulldozers had already being parked to carry on the construction work. The aircraft suffered a massive damage and a fire broke out causing death of 79 passengers and 4 crew members. Aviation Safety Council of China conducted the investigation which revealed that the flight neglected continuous patrol of the runway and was not aware that the flight has entered the wrong way. The pilot did not check Paravisual Display and Primary Flight Display which caused the flight to enter the dangerous runway. The faulty decision making in the lower level caused fire and loss of so many lives but was denied by the relevant authorities. The Republic of China summoned the crew members for interrogation and only three members followed the order. However, no flight crew member was prosecuted. Singapore Airlines flight bound for Los Angelas only stopped over Tokyo Narita Airport. The flight which met with the accident was used withdrawn from services and used as a livery to promote Singapore Airlines. A survivor later on reported that the onboard crew members were not able to help the passengers due to lack of provisions and expertise, besides being gripped by horror ("Singapore Airlines crash report is disturbing", 2017). This crash pointed out that a wrong decision making at individual levels resulted in loss of so many lives and left many injured in hospitals. The anxiety and fear the acquaintances of the passengers suffered from due to the faulty individual decisions culminating into a horrifying accident is immeasurable. The three incidences stated above are examples of how wrong decisions at various levels caused irreplaceable loss of lives. The investigations following these accidents often point out to defects in the body or other parts of the planes or to the faulty decisions of the pilots. These investigations often attract the attention of the people in the countries where accidents occur and even from foreign nationals. The most common outcome of these investigations are the initiations of a round of blaming between the various airlines companies, government departments and international bodies which make interesting news globally. The real problems lie deeper and usually remain undetected under the mean sessions of allegations. The intense competitions between the airlines companies make them choose low pricing strategies to attract huge number of customers (Delaplace Dobruszkes, 2015). The big and expensive airlines companies of North America and Europe have are facing stiff challenges from companies like Air Asia, Indigo, Easy Jet and West Jet (www.businessinsider.in, 2017). These companies are forced to offer low price services and as a result have to cut on the quality of services (Barnes, 2017). These companies often have to increase the flights, so they cannot maintain the airbuses to the service pressure. The international aviation industry has hundreds of players of all sizes and caters to the world generating huge revenue. The aviation industry complies with several bilateral agreements like Chicago Conventions in 1944 and Open Skies concerning several bodies like European Union and Commonwealth, thus involving all the big and small countries. The airlines companies have to comply with several safety measures being prone to terrorist attacks and have already suffered several attacks. The aeroplanes consume high quantity of fossil fuel and releases high quantity of pollutants. This makes the industry subject to several environmental laws, both nationals and international. All these factors lead to a complicated network of macroeconomic factors having several strata. These factors, combined with intense international competition and profit earning motive leads to corruption (Itani Mason, 2014). The various government bodies claim money from the aviation company on the pretext of poli ce protection, export and import licenses and so on. The companies incur huge expenditure in order to gain preferential facilities from the governments. They, in order the make up the huge expenditure they often compromise on the inspection of flights and quality of manpower. They keep the prices low and cut down the facilities they offer to the consumers. These irresponsible strategies to earn profits at the cost of consumer safety often catapults in horrifying accidents causing loss of human lives and injuries. The investigations following these accidents often uncover these defects in the planes and their crew members. They are unable to unearth the role of the powerful segments that actually manage and control the aviation industry. The aviation industry is a multimillion market where hundreds of companies compete to cater the millions of customers all around the world. The decisions are taken and executed at all the three levels which have future affects. Wrong decision at these levels result in devastating accidents which kill hundreds and leave thousands injured or even disabled. Those accidents are often attributed to the crew and the technology while the top decision makers remain hidden. The decisions must be framed keeping the value of human lives and should always ensure safety of people onboard. References: (2017). Retrieved 21 February 2017, from https://www.businessinsider.in/The-10-best-low-cost-airlines-in-the-world/7-WestJet/slideshow/56204392.cms (2017). Retrieved 21 February 2017, from https://www.ntsb.gov/Pages/default.aspx Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A., Camm, J. D., Cochran, J. J. (2015).An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Airlines, S. (2017). Org Chart Singapore Airlines. TheOfficialBoard. Retrieved 18 May 2017, from https://www.theofficialboard.com/org-chart/singapore-airlines Barnes, J. (2017). Measuring service quality in the low-cost airline industry. Borchert, I., Gootiiz, B., Mattoo, A. (2014). Policy barriers to international trade in services: evidence from a new database.The World Bank Economic Review,28(1), 162-188. Delaplace, M., Dobruszkes, F. (2015). From low-cost airlines to low-cost high-speed rail? The French case.Transport policy,38, 73-85. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Hevelke, A., Nida-Rmelin, J. (2015). Responsibility for crashes of autonomous vehicles: an ethical analysis.Science and engineering ethics,21(3), 619-630. HWAI, L. (2017). Seven crashes, 900 lives: Taiwan's fatal air crashes in the past 20 years. The Straits Times. Retrieved 21 February 2017, from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/seven-crashes-900-lives-taiwans-fatal-air-crashes-in-the-past-20-years Itani, N., Mason, K. (2014). A macro-environment approach to civil aviation strategic planning.Transport Policy,33, 125-135. JOHN H. CUSHMAN Jr., S. (2017). U.S. john h. cushman jr., s. (2017). u.s. investigators fault aloha line in fatal accident. Nytimes.com. Retrieved 21 February 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/24/us/us-investigators-fault-aloha-line-in-fatal-accident.html Johnson, J. W. (2015). The Pilots' Perspective: Commercial sUAS Operations Must Not Compromise Safety.The Air and Space Lawyer,28(2), 17. Major, A. E. (2014). Ethics Education of Military Leaders.Military Review,94(2), 55. Ni, L., Chemtob, A., Croutx-Barghorn, C., Moreau, N., Bouder, T., Chanfreau, S., Pbre, N. (2014). Direct-to-metal UV-cured hybrid coating for the corrosion protection of aircraft aluminium alloy.Corrosion Science,89, 242-249. Singapore Airlines crash report is disturbing. (2017). Usatoday30.usatoday.com. Retrieved 21 February 2017, from https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2001-02-23-singair.htm

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Surrogate Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Surrogate Decision Making. Answer: Introduction Every human being wishes to lead a normal life without disability. One reason why no one wants to be disabled is because of shame. Many at times, the society has been looking down upon the disabled because, unlike the rest of the people, the disabled are perceived as less important people who have no significant contributions to make to the community. This is exactly what befalls amputees after losing a limb. Apart from enduring agonizing pains, the amputees battle stress and trauma necessitated by the feeling of prejudice, neglect and loss of independence (Parvaneh, Grewal, Grewal, Menzies, Talal, Armstrong, Sternberg Najafi 2014). So, to improve the living conditions of the amputees, it is upon the society to come up and do something. This is why we, as an organization, have decided to inaugurate this project to challenge the status quo. However, to do so, we need a full support of all the concerned stakeholders. Project Objectives The major objective of this project is to introduce a highly developed artificial limb to improve the quality of life of the amputees. The organization is deeply concerned about the shame and stereotypes put on the amputees by the society as a result of limb losses. This is what the organization will put all the efforts to eradicate. Approach and Methods To ultimately address the plight of the amputees is not a simple task. It requires dedication, commitment and team work (Tanosaki, Shimizu, Lian, Jurchak Patel 2014). Since the main objective of the project is to bring happiness to the amputees, it is reasonable that we will adopt the following approach: Develop a device called LimbMaster that will be a break from the past. For a very long time, amputees have had to use artificial limbs that make them uncomfortable because of poor pain reduction and incorrect fitness (Yoo 2014). The poor status of the artificial limbs has been causing a lot of trauma to the amputees. However, with the coming of this project, amputees will get a lifetime opportunity to transform and improve the quality of their lives by using computer technology to design, develop and supply the easy-to-use, comfortable, safe and correctly fitted artificial limbs-LimbMaster (Newcombe, Dewar, Blunn Fromme 2013). Proposed Budget for LimbMaster ITEM COST (A$) Materials 400,000 Salaries and Wages 150,000 Computers and Software 150,000 Research 150,000 Marketing and Public Awareness 100,000 Logistics 40,000 Others 10,000 TOTAL 1,000,000 References Gaunaurd, I., Spaulding, S.E., Amtmann, D., Salem, R., Gailey, R., Morgan, S.J. Hafner, B.J., 2015. Use of and confidence in administering outcome measures among clinical prosthetists: Results from a national survey and mixed-methods training program. Prosthetics and orthotics international, 39(4), pp.314-321. Newcombe, L., Dewar, M., Blunn, G.W. and Fromme, P., 2013. Effect of amputation level on the stress transferred to the femur by an artificial limb directly attached to the bone. Medical engineering physics, 35(12), pp.1744-1753. Parvaneh, S., Grewal, G.S., Grewal, E., Menzies, R.A., Talal, T.K., Armstrong, D.G., Sternberg, E. Najafi, B., 2014. Stressing the dressing: Assessing stress during wound care in real-time using wearable sensors. Wound Medicine, 4, pp.21-26. Tanosaki, M., Shimizu, N., Lian, C.G., Jurchak, M. Patel, V., 2014. Purpura Fulminans Managed with Multi-Limb Amputation: Substituted Judgment and Surrogate Decision-Making in the Surgical Management of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. Surgical infections, 15(6), pp.853-856. Yoo, S., 2014. Complications following an amputation. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America, 25(1), pp.169-178.